Non-destructive characterization of coal samples from China using microfocus X-ray computed tomography

This paper demonstrates capabilities of microfocus X-ray computed tomography (µCT) in characterizing the development of coal porosity and fractures. For the investigated coals, the CT number of minerals, pores and coal matrix are approximately 3000, < 600 and 1000–1600 Hounsfield unit (HU), respectively. The total CT number of analyzed coals mainly relate to the density, coal maceral composition, and proportion of minerals and pores. Although the estimated porosities by segmentation method show some uncertainty, the results correlate well with the analyzed porosities by helium gas method and water-saturated method. The aperture, spacing and spatial distribution of fractures, and mineral morphology are semi-quantitatively evaluated by µCT using a computer-aided design. The slicing analyses of coals demonstrated that distributions of porosity in coals are highly anisotropic. The spatial disposition of pores, fractures and minerals is the most important factor that influences coal porosity and permeability. In spite of the limitation of low spatial resolution (70 μm) and some ring artifacts of X-ray, µCT has major advantages in non-destructive detection and 3D visualized characterization of pores, fractures and minerals compared to traditional methods.     

Microbial Geochemical Characteristics of the Coalbed Methane in the Shizhuangnan Block of Qinshui Basin,North China and their Geological Implications

Methanogens and sulfate reducing bacteria were detected by the 16SrRNA sequencing of coalbed methane(CBM)co-produced water in the south of the Qinshui Basin,which is indicative of the presence of secondary biological gas in the south of this basin,in contradiction to the previous understanding of thermogenic gas.This work systematically collected water samples from the CBM wells in the Shizhuangnan Block and analyzed the microbial geochemical characteristics from the aspects of water ions,hydrogen and oxygen isotopes,dissolved inorganic carbon and microbial diversity.It is shown that the Shizhuangnan Block has a nearly SN-trending monoclinic structure,and the elevation of coal seam decreases gradually from the east to west.Because of the water blocking effect of Sitou fault in the west,the precipitation flowed from the east to west,and gradually transited to stagnant flow area.The concentration variation of some ions such as Na~+,K~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),Cl~-,HCO~-_3 and total dissolved solids(TDS)suggest the variation of redox condition in the coal reservoir water.The 16SrDNA sequencing analysis of the collected water samples detected the presence of methanogens and sulfate reduction bacteria.The presence of methane production zone and sulfate methane transition zone(SMTZ)was identified.The effect of methanogens in the methane production zone leads to an increase in the methane concentration,resulting in a high gas content in the study area.In the SMTZ,most methane is consumed by anaerobic oxidation due to high sulfate concentrations.     

Environmental changes during modern period from the record of Gaoyou Lake sediments, Jiangsu

Based on analysis of parameters of cores taken from Gaoyou Lake, including magnetic susceptibility, grain-size characteristics and sedimentary rate, environmental changes during the modern period were examined with the assistance of historical records and Gaoyou Lake water level materials. It is concluded that during the modern period a higher value of magnetic susceptibility and a lower sediment grain size coincided with a wet climate, while a lower value of magnetic susceptibility and a higher grain size were related with a dry climate. The results indicate that the climate in the 123 years period from 1880 to 2003AD can be divided into four stages: two low water level stages (1880–1915AD, 1948–1981AD) and two high water level stages (1915–1948AD, 1981–2003AD). It appears that the regional cli-mate generally underwent a dry–wet–dry–wet pattern in 30-year cycles. At present, it is at the end of a wet period, so the regional climate is expected to become dry in the near future. This conclusion corresponds with the climate records in the historical literature of the Gaoyou area, and it also matches with the climatic changes in North Jiangsu area.     

湘西北五峰—龙马溪组层序地层特征及有机质富集探讨——以XY-3井为例

湘西北地区上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组海相黑色页岩发育广泛,且厚度大、热演化高、埋深相对适中,具有较好的页岩气勘探开发前景.为了研究湘西北五峰—龙马溪组地层层序特征,基于XY-3井GR测井曲线的小波变换,结合元素地球化学特征、有机质丰度、笔石类型和岩性特征,建立研究区内五峰—龙马溪组层序格架,并探讨层序格架内有机质差异富集的特征.结果 表明:XY-3井五峰—龙马溪组共划分为2个三级层序SQ-1和SQ-2,4个体系域分别为TST1、HST1、TST2和HST2.而HST1和HST2体系域内有机质丰度相对较低,总有机碳平均值为0.89％和0.26％,其沉积于沉积速率相对较高、古生产力较高,且陆源输入量相对高的氧化环境中;TST1和TST2体系域内有机质丰度相对较高,总有机碳平均值为1.46％和1.35％.其沉积于沉积速率相对较小、古生产力较高,陆源碎屑输入较少的贫氧化环境中.与长宁、焦石坝地区五峰—龙马溪组内同期揭露的富有机质层位相比,湘西北XY-3井富有机质层段沉积于氧化性相对较强、古生产力相对较高的环境中,而在沉积速率相对较低的情况下,其富有机质页岩的沉积厚度和有机质丰度明显偏低.这可为湘西北地区进行页岩气勘探开发提供指导意义.     

Rapid Determination of Complete Distribution of Pore and Throat in Tight Oil Sandstone of Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin, China

This study aimed to investigate the complete distribution of reservoir space in tight oil sandstone combining casting slices, field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), the pore-throat theory model, high-resolution image processing, mathematical statistics, and other technical means. Results of reservoir samples from the Xin'anbian area of Ordos Basin showed that the total pore radius curve of the tight oil sandstone reservoir exhibited a multi-peak distribution, and the peaks appeared to be more focused on the ends of the range. This proved that pores with a radius of 1–50,000 nm provided the most significant storage space for tight oil, indicating that special attention should be paid to this range of the pore size distribution. Meanwhile, the complete throat radius curve of the tight oil sandstone reservoir exhibited a multipeak distribution. However, the peak values were distributed throughout the scales. This confirmed that the throat radius in the tight oil sandstone reservoir was not only in the range of hundreds of nanometers but was also widely distributed in the scale approximately equal to the pore size. The new rapid determination method could provide a precise theoretical basis for the comprehensive evaluation, exploration, and development of a tight oil sandstone reservoir.     

大连新林巷边坡稳定性分析及治理

在详细勘察的基础上,查明了大连新林巷边坡的工程地质条件,由边坡要素面的组合关系以及岩土发育状况利用赤平投影对该边坡各个坡段的稳定性进行了分析,找出了各坡段的不稳定因素。通过室内试验得到了该边坡及断层结构面岩土体的物理力学参数,利用室内试验参数通过计算得到了各个坡段不稳定滑面的安全系数,对该边坡的稳定性进行了综合评价。在此基础上,提出了该边坡的治理措施。     

宝应钻孔沉积物的微量元素地球化学特征及沉积环境探讨

沉积物微量元素特征对指示沉积盆地演化历史、沉积环境及沉积物的物质来源具有十分重要的示踪作用.宝应沉积物的微量和稀土元素地球化学特征印证了苏北平原物质来源具有多源性,与黄河、长江具有类似的物源,并可能受基底碱性火山岩和黄土高原粉尘物质的影响.钻孔沉积物具有轻稀土适度富集、缓右倾斜型的稀土元素配分模式,呈现Ce正异常的总体特征; 海侵段的稀土含量比陆相沉积段略低.δEu在陆相沉积中为1.16,呈微小的正异常; 在海侵沉积中为0.99,基本不显示异常.稀土元素含量与沉积物粒度之间存在一定相关性:随着粒度由粗变细,稀土元素含量增加; ΣREE的高值段对应粘土含量较高,反之亦然.沉积物REE及Rb/Sr比值的纵向变化反映了海陆交互过渡带古气候环境的波动:ΣREE的高值段与δEu和δCe的低值段代表了冷湿的气候环境; ΣREE和δCe的低值与δEu的高值段反映了暖湿润的环境信息.结合地貌、岩性及微体古生物,综合分析表明苏北平原在第四纪曾遭受了多次海水淹覆, 海-陆交互堆积作用明显,从古海湾逐渐发育堆积最后由河流冲积物覆盖成陆.     

河海交互作用与苏北平原成因*

苏北平原向海侧分布着大冈、上冈两列古贝壳堤以及依此而建的范公堤;西侧有低山丘陵环绕,江淮水系河流汇入平原内侧的湖泊群,发育了伸出型三角洲;兴化、里下河地区是平原的最低洼处。这一系列地貌组合与分布特点,启迪着探究平原的成因。146m深的宝应望直港钻孔,穿透了2.58Ma以来的第四纪地层。沉积相、微体古生物、古地磁测定与沉积层常量元素分析等综合研究,阐明了4次主要的海洋作用沉积环境,尤其是晚更新世3.9~2.6万年前的浅海环境沉积更为显著。河湖相泛滥平原沉积与潮滩浅海沉积交互成层,证实了苏北平原是第四纪时期由河-海交互作用,从古海湾发育堆积成宽大平原。进一步工作需探索相关时期的江-海分布变化及黄河和黄渤海通道与苏北平原发育的关系。     

中国炼焦煤资源分布特点与深部资源潜力分析

中国炼焦煤资源具有以下特点:煤炭资源丰富,但炼焦煤资源所占的比例并不高;煤炭资源分布广泛,全国29个省(自治区)都赋有炼焦煤,可是炼焦煤资源主要集中分布在为数不多的地区;炼焦煤种品种齐全,但分布不均匀,其中气煤和1/3焦煤在炼焦煤查明资源储量中占较大比例,焦煤与肥煤是炼焦的主力煤种,但占比例较小;目前华北聚煤区东缘的几个大煤田正以每年约15m的速度向800m延伸,个别煤矿的开采深度已到1 000m,勘查深度也达1 200m,因此,研究深部煤的变质作用意义深远。根据煤的深成变质作用理论,我国华北东缘诸多煤田的深部煤质有可能变好,有可能赋存大量的肥煤、焦煤和瘦煤等稀缺资源,该预测结论若获得验证,将有利于解决我国主要焦煤资源紧缺瓶颈,为未来我国经济建设提供可靠的资源保障。     

洛阳盆地全新世炭屑记录及其古环境意义

黄土-古土壤剖面保存的炭屑记录了全新世古火与环境演变信息.文章以洛阳盆地五岔沟(WCG)剖面(厚度200 cm)为研究对象,利用该剖面的炭屑记录,并结合磁化率、有机碳等古环境指标,试图恢复和重建洛阳盆地中部全新世野火的演变历程,进而探讨洛阳盆地中部全新世以来野火与气候、人类活动之间的相互关系.研究表明:马兰黄土堆积时期...