黔南斜坡相区二叠系层序地层序列及其年代地层对比

黔南斜坡相区的二叠系划分为１６个三级层序,４个层序组,分属于２个中层序。大多数三级层序的底界属整合界面,有良好的牙形石和化石带控制。该区二叠纪有４次重要的海平面下降事件,它们分别出现在牙形石Ｓｗｗｈｉｔｅｉ带底部,Ｓｗａｆｈａｎｚｈｏｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ带下部,ＪＸｕａｎｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ带下部以及Ｃｌｙｉｎｉ带底部。已识别的海进事件中,有３个最具地层划分和对比意义,分别出现在牙形石Ｎｅｘｃｕｌｐｔｕｓ带底部,Ｊｎａｎｋｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ带底部和Ｊｐｏｓｔｂｉｔｅｒｉ带下部,均伴随有重要的生物群替代。研究表明,沉积层序的关键界面对于进一步优化阶和生物时带的界线,使年代地层界线成为野外可识别的物理界面具有重要的潜在价值。     

厚层风积黄土覆盖区金矿脉的壤中气汞异常特征及评价

赤峰市莲花山金矿区南部为大片风积黄土覆盖区，壤中气汞测量圈出了许多气汞异常，其中在已开采的４号、５号金矿脉上，气汞异常的形态、规模和强度都较好地反映了矿体的产状和规模。新的工业金矿体的发现，更加证实了壤中气汞测量找金矿脉的有效性。通过壤中气汞异常的评价，认为４号矿脉的北部，５号矿脉的南部，Ｈｇ２号异常的南部及Ｈｇ３号异常的深部有较好的开采远景，而４１号、１５号、２０号石英脉则无工业价值。     

Does the integration of the dynamic nitrogen cycle in a terrestrial biosphere model improve the long-term trend of the leaf area index?

The carbon cycle strongly interacts with the nitrogen cycle. Several observations show that the effects of global change on primary production and carbon storage in plant biomass and soils are partially controlled by N availability. Nevertheless, only a small number of terrestrial biosphere models represent explicitly the nitrogen cycle, despite its importance on the carbon cycle and on climate. These models are difficult to evaluate at large spatiotemporal scales because of the scarcity of data at the global scale over a long time period. In this study, we benchmark the capacity of the O–CN global terrestrial biosphere model to reproduce temporal changes in leaf area index (LAI) at the global scale observed by NOAA_AVHRR satellites over the period 1982–2002. Using a satellite LAI product based on the normalized difference vegetation index of global inventory monitoring and modelling studies dataset, we estimate the long-term trend of LAI and we compare it with the results from the terrestrial biosphere models, either with (O–CN) or without (O–C) a dynamic nitrogen cycle coupled to the carbon–water-energy cycles. In boreal and temperate regions, including a dynamic N cycle (O–CN) improved the fit between observed and modeled temporal changes in LAI. In contrast, in the tropics, simulated LAI from the model without the dynamic N cycle (O–C) better matched observed changes in LAI over time. Despite differential regional trends, the satellite estimate suggests an increase in the global average LAI during 1982–2002 by 0.0020 m² m^?2 y^?1. Both versions of the model substantially overestimated the rate of change in LAI over time (0.0065 m² m^?2 y^?1 for O–C and 0.0057 m² m^?2 y^?1 for O–CN), suggesting that some additional limitation mechanisms are missing in the model. We also estimated the relative importance of climate, CO₂ and N deposition as potential drivers of the temporal changes in LAI. We found that recent climate change better explained temporal changes in LAI when the dynamic N cycle was included in the model (higher ranked fit for O–CN vs. O–C). Using the O–C configuration to estimate the direct effect of climate on LAI, we quantified the importance of climate-N cycle feedbacks in explaining the LAI response. We found that the warming-induced release of N from soil organic matter decomposition explains 17.5 % of the global trend in LAI over time, however, reaching up to 40.9 % explained variance in the boreal zone, which is a more important contribution than increasing anthropogenic nitrogen deposition. Our analysis supports a strong connection between warming, N cycling, and vegetation productivity. These findings underscore the importance of including N cycling in global-scale models of vegetation response to environmental change.     

土壤表层CO_2的释放与土壤水分波动

贵州虽地处雨量充沛、气候潮湿的亚热带,但近年来旱地土壤往往出现明显的干湿循环现象,这是因为：１）森林植被遭到破坏,使其对气候的调节功能大不如前,导致出现多年气候异常,最大的年降雨量与最小的年降雨量之间相差５００ｍｍ以上,旱涝灾害频繁;２）喀斯特地貌土...     

贵州石灰岩和砂岩地区C4和C3植物营养元素的化学计量对N/P比值波动的影响

陆地生态系统植物的生长受到营养元素氮(N)和磷(P)的可利用性的限制。已有的证据表明营养元素的相对丰度将控制生态系统的营养元素循环和能量流动的速度。文章提出如下假设:为了适应环境的变化,植物具有可伸缩性地调整营养元素含量的能力,也就是营养元素化学计量比值变化的能力,植物N/P比值波动的影响不仅来源于N对P的相对可利用性的变化,也来源于其他营养元素化学计量的变化,尤其是与Ca的化学计量的变化。为了验证上述假设,本研究利用3种C₄植物和11种C₃植物,研究了植物N/P化学计量比值的波动随N与Ca和P与Ca化学计量的变化模式:对C₄植物来说,N/P比值的波动主要受生物量P与Ca化学计量变化的影响;而对C₃植物来说,则同时受N与Ca和P与Ca化学计量变化的控制,它们之间的相对控制能力的大小将决定植物N/P比值波动的变化梯度,C₄植物和C₃植物的N/P比值的波动都要受土壤pH值的影响。本研究对了解物种丰度和N对P的相对可利用性、N与Ca,以及P与Ca的化学计量之间关系具有重要意义。     

The fate of amino acids adsorbed on mineral matter

We present here selected results recently obtained on the molecular characterization of amino acids adsorption on oxide minerals and their further polymerization by thermal activation, in the general frame of assessing Bernal's hypothesis on the origin of biopolymers on mineral surfaces. Adsorption mechanisms may be identified by a combination of vibrational spectroscopy, ¹³C solid-state NMR, and molecular modeling. Depending on a particular amino acid, the oxide surface investigated, and the water activity during adsorption (i.e., whether it is carried out from the gas phase or from an aqueous solution), contributions from electrostatic adsorption, outer-sphere and inner-sphere (coordination) complexes may be observed. These mechanisms result in significant adsorption selectivities from equimolar mixtures of different amino acids. Upon thermal activation at moderate temperatures (150-160 °C), clean polymerization events occur and can easily be observed by thermogravimetric analysis. There are some hints of selectivity in this step too. The water activity during thermal treatment plays an important role for the thermodynamics of polymerization.     

Quantifying the response of forest carbon balance to future climate change in Northeastern China: Model validation and prediction

In this study, we report on the validation of process-based forest growth and carbon and nitrogen model of TRIPLEX against observed data, and the use of the model to investigate the potential impacts and interaction of climate change and increasing atmospheric CO₂ on forest net primary productivity (NPP) and carbon budgets in northeast of China. The model validation results show that the simulated tree total volume, NPP, total biomass and soil carbon are consistent with observed data across the Northeast of China, demonstrating that the improved TRIPLEX model is able to simulate forest growth and carbon dynamics of the boreal and temperate forest ecosystems at regional scale. The climate change would increase forest NPP and biomass carbon but decrease overall soil carbon under all three climate change scenarios. The combined effects of climate change and CO₂ fertilization on the increase of NPP were estimated to be 10–12% for 2030s and 28–37% in 2090s. The simulated effects of CO₂ fertilization significantly offset the soil carbon loss due to climate change alone. Overall, future climate change and increasing atmospheric CO₂ would have a significant impact on the forest ecosystems of Northeastern China.     

新疆克孜尔水库F2活断层活动特征分析 *

摘 要 新疆克孜尔水库区内F2活断层的活动规律对水库的安全性有重要影响,对F2断层短水准长序列的观测分析表明:F2断层下盘近40年来持续发生着由南向北的地倾运动。这既影响了短水准高差计算结果,也影响了位错模型水平扭动量和滑动角两个用于评价断层活动性的参数的计算结果,从而使F2断层活动性评价失去客观性。本文通过第1形变监测站人工短水准前尺读数长序列走势分析获得F2活断层下盘测线方向上12米处地倾活动的年变速率（1979-2006）为0.224mm/a,根据库区F2活断层两侧地表沉降速率等值线图确定、验证第1形变监测站上、下盘测线方向上地倾活动年变速率（1991-2002）分别是0.03mm/a、0.07mm/a。对水平扭动量和滑动角的计算和分析表明:F2活断层近10余年来的活动虽与水库蓄水、库水沿活断层下渗、河流改道及地壳运动关系密切,但尚无法认定其活动正在或已经加剧。     

1949—2017年青藏高原科学考察研究历程

被誉为世界屋脊和亚洲水塔的青藏高原是中国资源宝库和生态安全屏障。1949年以来,青藏高原科学考察研究作为国家战略任务受到高度重视。1949—2017年第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究（简称“第二次青藏科考”）启动之前,中国科学家在青藏高原地区开展的科学考察研究历程大致可分为4个阶段：① 区域专题科学考察阶段（20世纪50—60年代）,该阶段取得了重要的第一手资料,为此后的大规模青藏高原综合科学考察研究奠定了基础;② 第一次青藏高原综合科学考察研究阶段（简称“第一次青藏科考”,1973—1992年）,该阶段首次开展了大规模多学科的综合考察研究,完成了面积约260万km²的青藏高原综合科学考察研究,积累了大量的科学资料,产生了巨大的科学和社会影响;③ 问题主导的科学考察研究阶段（20世纪90年代—21世纪初）,包括攀登计划、国家重点基础研究发展计划、高水平国际合作等为特征的科学问题主导的科学考察研究,实现了由静态到动态、由定性到定量、由单一学科到交叉学科的里程碑式转变;④ 建制化和团队攻坚的科学考察研究阶段（2003—2017年）,这一阶段以2003年中国科学院青藏高原研究所成立为标志,队伍规模化组建,野外台站体系化建成,实验室建设形成规模,国际合作不断深化,中国科学院战略性先导科技专项以及第三极环境国际计划等重大项目的实施,汇集了全国和全球开展青藏高原研究的杰出人才,推动青藏高原研究走进世界地学研究的第一方阵,为2017年启动第二次青藏科考打下了坚实基础。