中国重要生态保护区域人类干扰时空变化特征分析

构建人类干扰指数,从时间和空间双重角度,评估中国重要生态保护区域人类干扰变化特征。研究表明：① 总体来说,2018年中国重要生态保护区域人类干扰低于全国平均水平,1980―2018年,和全国平均水平相比,中国重要生态保护区域人类干扰增加幅度小、增长趋势慢,定量说明中国重要生态保护区域人类活动整体管控成效好;② 1980―2018年,3类重要生态保护区域（国家级自然保护区、生物多样性优先区、重点生态功能区）人类干扰指数均呈逐步增加趋势。以“胡焕庸线”为界,重要生态保护区域以西、以北人类干扰总体较小,增加相对缓慢;以东、以南人类干扰相对明显,增加也相对明显,今后对这些区域要重点加强管控;③ 国家级自然保护区人类干扰指数在5个监测年份均最低,增加趋势最平缓、增幅最小,人类活动实际管控成效最好;重点生态功能区和生物多样性优先区人类干扰相对较大,管控成效有待显现,结果反映中国对重要生态保护区域分类管控力度和梯度的差异;④ 重要生态保护区域内部人类干扰指数及增幅均低于外部未受保护区域,构建重要生态保护区域有效降低人类干扰。     

广西金牙金矿床的有机地球化学特征

从矿石和围岩可溶有机质的生物标志化合物,非烃的红外光谱学特征,以及有机包裹体的光学和谱学特征等方面论述了金牙金矿的有机地球化学特征及其有机流体的成矿作用,查明了参与成矿的有机质主要来源于菌藻类等低等生物,本有机质的成分、结构、成熟度和胡成矿作用的进行而不断演化。在有机碳、金含量及藻类成矿作用模拟实验的分析基础上,认为流体有机质参与成矿的方式主要是活化萃取、还原沉淀,而干酪根则对金起集作用。     

Numerical simulation of the climate effect of high-altitude lakes on the Tibetan Plateau

Lakes regulate the water and heat exchange between the ground and the atmosphere on different temporal and spatial scales. However, studies of the lake effect in the high-altitude Tibetan Plateau(TP) rarely have been performed until recently, and little attention has been paid to modelling of frozen lakes. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting Model(WRF v. 3.6.1) is employed to conduct three numerical experiments in the Ngoring Lake Basin(the original experiment, an experiment with a tuned model, and a no-lake experiment) to investigate the influences of parameter optimization on the lake simulation and of the high-altitude lake on the regional climate. After the lake depth, the roughness lengths, and initial surface temperature are corrected in the model, the simulation of the air temperature is distinctly improved. In the experiment using a tuned model, the simulated sensible-heat flux(H) is clearly improved, especially during periods of ice melting(from late spring to early summer) and freezing(late fall). The improvement of latent-heat flux(LE) is mainly manifested by the sharp increase in the correlation coefficient between simulation and observation, whereas the improvement in the average value is small. The optimization of initial surface temperature shows the most prominent effect in the first year and distinctly weakens after a freezing period. After the lakes become grassland in the model, the daytime temperature clearly increases during the freezing and melting periods; but the nocturnal cooling appears in other stages, especially from September to October. The annual mean H increases by 6.4 times in the regions of the Ngoring Lake and the Gyaring Lake, and the LE declines by 56.2%. The sum of H and LE increases from 71.2 W/m2(with lake) to 84.6 W/m2(no lake). For the entire simulation region, the sum of H and LE also increases slightly. After the lakes are removed, the air temperature increases significantly from June to September over the area corresponding to the two lakes, and an abnormal convergence field appears; at the same time, the precipitation clearly increases over the two lakes and surrounding areas.     

Dataset of Comparative Observations for Land Surface Processes over the Semi-Arid Alpine Grassland against Alpine Lakes in the Source Region of the Yellow River

Thousands of lakes on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) play a critical role in the regional water cycle, weather, and climate. In recent years, the areas of TP lakes underwent drastic changes and have become a research hotspot. However, the characteristics of the lake-atmosphere interaction over the high-altitude lakes are still unclear, which inhibits model development and the accurate simulation of lake climate effects. The source region of the Yellow River(SRYR) has the largest outflow lake and freshw...     

最小二乘混合像元分解的端元丰度信息提取研究

针对无约束最小二乘混合像元分解算法提取地物端元丰度出现的局限性问题,通过野外实地采集的地物光谱数据建立研究区典型的地物波谱库,以Landsat OLI影像作为主要数据源,在经过Gram-Schmidt(GS)影像融合的基础上,利用纯净像元指数(PPI)及基于几何顶点的端元提取技术提取研究区典型地物端元,最后通过完全约束的最小二乘混合像元分解算法完成对研究区典型地物端元丰度的提取。结果较好地解决了无约束最小二乘混合像元分解算法提取的端元丰度信息出现负值的情况,并且提高了典型地物丰度信息提取的精度。完全约束最小二乘混合像元分解算法的RMSE误差均控制在0.174 913左右,在很大程度上提高了混合像元分解精度及实用性。     

Simulating the role of gravel in freeze–thaw process on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Soils containing gravel (particle size ≥2 mm) are widely distributed over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP). Soil mixed with gravel has different thermal and hydrological properties compared with fine soil (particle size <2 mm) and thus has marked impacts on soil water and heat transfer. However, the most commonly used land models do not consider the effects of gravel. This paper reports the development of a new scheme that simulates the thermal and hydrological processes in soil containing gravel and its application in the QTP. The new scheme was implemented in version 4 of the Community Land Model, and experiments were conducted for two typical sites in the QTP. The results showed that (1) soil with gravel tends to reduce the water holding capacity and enhance the hydraulic conductivity and drainage; (2) the thermal conductivity increases with soil gravel content, and the response of the temperature of soil mixed with gravel to air temperature change is rapid; (3) the new scheme performs well in simulating the soil temperature and moisture—the mean biases of soil moisture between the simulation and observation reduced by 25–48 %, and the mean biases of soil temperature reduced by 9–25 %. Therefore, this scheme can successfully simulate the thermal and hydrological processes in soil with different levels of gravel content and is potentially applicable in land surface models.

     

城市贫困群体主观生活质量研究——以西安市典型社区为例

基于调查问卷和半结构式访谈的数据,以西安市典型社区贫困群体的主观生活质量为研究对象,分别采用语义差别法研究生活环境感知、熵权TOPSIS 法测算主观满意度、关联网络法分析生活感受特征。结果表明：① 贫困群体对生活环境感知存在局限性,感知能力较差,大多数人群感知结果偏向于正,形成主观感知与客观事实存在偏差的特征。② 贫困群体对生活质量感知较为敏感。就生活质量主观满意度而言,贫困群体主观满意度不高,离各指标的最优状态还相差甚远。4个典型地区贫困人群的主观满意度同处于中等偏低水平。就生活质量感受特征而言,贫困群体对其生活状况的感受整体上是消极的和负面的,生活的不满主要与工作状况、薪资水平密切相关,生活的满意感主要与邻里关系及交通条件等有关。③ 不同类型社区贫困群体感知差异显著,形成原因与典型社区的规划建设背景、所处地理位置、现有功能定位等因素有关。     

Evaluation of Haney-Type Surface ThermalBoundary Conditions Using a CoupledAtmosphere and Ocean Model

A coupled atmosphere-ocean model developed at the Institute for Space Studies at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (Russell et al., 1995) was used to verify the validity of Haney-type surface thermal boundary condition, which linearly connects net downward surface heat flux Q to air / sea temperature difference △T by a relaxation coefficient k. The model was initiated from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) atmospheric observations for 1 December 1977, and from the National Ocean Data Center (NODC) global climatological mean December temperature and salinity fields at 1° ×1° resolution. The time step is 7.5 minutes. We integrated the model for 450 days and obtained a complete model-generated global data set of daily mean downward net surface flux Q, surface air temperature TA,and sea surface temperature To. Then, we calculated the cross-correlation coefficients (CCC) between Q and △T. The ensemble mean CCC fields show (a) no correlation between Q and △T in the equatorial regions, and (b) evident correlation (CCC≥ 0.7) between Q and △T in the middle and high latitudes.Additionally, we did the variance analysis and found that when k= 120 W m-2K-1, the two standard deviations, σQ and σk△T, are quite close in the middle and high latitudes. These results agree quite well with a previous research (Chu et al., 1998) on analyzing the NCEP re-analyzed surface data, except that a smaller value of k (80 W m-2K-1) was found in the previous study.