吉林省一次降水性层状云消散期的微观结构特征

利用2012年6月29日的通辽和白城飞机联合探测资料(包括DMT和PMS)及雷达资料,对吉林省一次层状云降水消散期微观物理结构特征进行分析研究。结果表明:该天气过程是在东北锋面气旋影响下发展起来的,给东北地区带来大范围降水,属于吉林地区春季常见的降水性层状云系As-Ac-Ns云型。Ns云底约在1000m左右,云顶不超过4000m,Ns云层较厚,在该云系发展过程中雨层云下伴有碎雨云。结合DMT和PMS,小粒子在每个高度层上都占主要部分,0.61～2μm的小粒子浓度可达100cm-3,直径大于2μm的粒子谱型基本都是单调递减型;云内含水量较少,极大值也不足0.01g·m-3;粒子有效直径随高度变化呈多峰分布,粒子有效直径与粒子浓度在0℃层以下范围内,大的粒子有效直径对应小的粒子浓度,随着高度的升高粒子有效直径呈递减趋势。     

基于非线性加权综合法的公众气象服务经济效益评估

基于2018年中国气象局与国家统计局在全国31个省(区、市)范围内收集的40213份服务满意度评价调查样本,采用非线性加权综合法,对利用支付意愿法、影子价格法和节省费用法测算出的公众气象服务经济效益进行综合评估,估算出2018年我国公众气象服务的经济效益为671.9亿元。这种综合评估的方法可以充分利用不同评估方法收集的评价信息,避免了一种评估方法的片面性,并解决了多种评估方法结果差异性较大的问题,评价结果更为客观和可靠。     

Improvement of surface albedo simulations over arid regions

To improve the simulation of the surface radiation budget and related thermal processes in arid regions, three sophisticated surface albedo schemes designed for such regions were incorporated into the Biosphere- Atmosphere Transfer Scheme （BATS）. Two of these schemes are functions of the solar zenith angle （SZA）, where the first one has one adjustable parameter defined as SZA1 scheme, and the second one has two empirical parameters defined as SZA2 scheme. The third albedo scheme is a function of solar angle and soil water that were developed based on arid-region observations from the Dunhuang field experiment （DHEX） （defined as DH scheme）. We evaluated the performance of the original and newly-incorporated albedo schemes within BATS using the in-situ data from the Oasis System Energy and Water Cycle Field Experiment that was carried out in JinTa, Gansu arid area （JTEX）. The results indicate that a control run by the original version of the BATS generates a constant albedo, while the SZA1 and SZA2 schemes basically can reproduce the observed diurnal cycle of surface albedo, although these two schemes still underestimate the albedo when SZA is high in the early morning and late afternoon, and overestimate it when SZA is low during noontime. The SZA2 scheme has a better overall performance than the SZA1 scheme. In addition, BATS with the DH scheme slightly improves the albedo simulation in magnitude as compared to that from the control run, but a diurnal cycle of albedo is not produced by this scheme. The SZA1 and SZA2 schemes significantly increase the surface absorbed solar radiation by nearly 70 W m^-2, which further raises the ground temperature by 6 K and the sensible heat flux by 35 W m^-2. The increased solar radiation, heat flux, and temperature are more consistent with the observations that those from the control run. However, a significant improvement in these three variables is not found in BATS with the DH scheme due to the neglect of the diurnal cycle of albedo. Further analysis indi     

东亚地区凝结加热的中期变动与西太平洋副高准双周振荡的关系

本文用ECMEF/WMO的2.5°×2.5°网格点资料对1980—1983年夏季月份的12次西太平洋副高中期进退过程进行了合成。用此合成场计算不东亚地区的凝结加热率,讨论了凝结加热的分布及其中期变动规律,以及其与西太平洋副高进退的关系。分析表明,由于热带西南季风气流涌入我国大陆引起的大陆东部地区凝结加热的变动是西太平洋副高进退的最直接动力,它是这一地区的加热场与东亚季风环流系统内部各成员之间的相互反馈过程中相互影响、相互制约的必然结果。      

Vertical Distribution Characteristics of PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> Observed by a Mobile Vehicle Lidar in Tianjin,China in 2016

We present mobile vehicle lidar observations in Tianjin, China during the spring, summer, and winter of 2016. Mobile observations were carried out along the city border road of Tianjin to obtain the vertical distribution characteristics of PM_2.5. Hygroscopic growth was not considered since relative humidity was less than 60% during the observation experiments. PM_2.5 profile was obtained with the linear regression equation between the particle extinction coefficient and PM_2.5 mass concentration. In spring, the vertical distribution of PM_2.5 exhibited a hierarchical structure. In addition to a layer of particles that gathered near the ground, a portion of particles floated at 0.6–2.5-km height. In summer and winter, the fine particles basically gathered below 1 km near the ground. In spring and summer, the concentration of fine particles in the south was higher than that in the north because of the influence of south wind. In winter, the distribution of fine particles was opposite to that measured during spring and summer. High concentrations of PM_2.5 were observed in the rural areas of North Tianjin with a maximum of 350 μg m^–3 on 13 December 2016. It is shown that industrial and ship emissions in spring and summer and coal combustion in winter were the major sources of fine particles that polluted Tianjin. The results provide insights into the mechanisms of haze formation and the effects of meteorological conditions during haze–fog pollution episodes in the Tianjin area.     

Analysis on the Interaction between Turbulence and Secondary Circulation of the Surface Layer at Jinta Oasis in Summer

The kinetic energy variations of mean flow and turbulence at three levels in the surface layer were calculated by using eddy covariance data from observations at Jinta oasis in 2005 summer.It is found that when the mean horizontal flow was stronger,the turbulent kinetic energy was increased at all levels,as well as the downward mean wind at the middle level.Since the mean vertical flow on the top and bottom were both negligible at that time,there was a secondary circulation with convergence in the upper half and divergence in the lower half of the column.After consideration of energy conversion,it was found that the interaction between turbulence and the secondary circulation caused the intensification of each other.The interaction reflected positive feedback between turbulence and the vertical shear of the mean flow.Turbulent sensible and latent heat flux anomaly were also analyzed.The results show that in both daytime and at night,when the surface layer turbulence was intensified as a result of strengthened mean flow,the sensible heat flux was decreased while the latent heat flux was increased.Both anomalous fluxes contributed to the cold island effect and the moisture island effect of the oasis.     

The different influence of the residual layer on the development of the summer convective boundary layer in two deserts in northwest China

The development of the atmospheric boundary layer is closely connected with the exchange of momentum, heat, and mass near the Earth’s surface, especially for a convective boundary layer (CBL). Besides being modulated by the buoyancy flux near the Earth’s surface, some studies point out that a neutrally stratified residual layer is also crucial for the appearance of a deep CBL. To verify the importance of the residual layer, the CBLs over two deserts in northwest China (Badan Jaran and Taklimakan) were investigated. The summer CBL mean depth over the Taklimakan Desert is shallower than that over the Badan Jaran Desert, even when the sensible heat flux of the former is stronger. Meanwhile, the climatological mean residual layer in the Badan Jaran Desert is much deeper and neutrally stratified in summer. Moreover, we found a significant and negative correlation between the lapse rate of the residual layer and the CBL depth over the Badan Jaran Desert. The different lapse rates of the residual layer in the two regions are partly connected with the advection heating from large-scale atmospheric circulation. The advection heating tends to reduce the temperature difference in the 700 to 500-hPa layer over the Badan Jaran Desert, and it increases the stability in the same atmospheric layer over the Taklimakan Desert. The advection due to climatological mean atmospheric circulation is more effective at modulating the lapse rate of the residual layer than from varied circulation. Also, the interannual variation of planetary boundary layer (PBL) height over two deserts was found to covary with the wave train.     

西南黄海2018年夏季溶解氧分布特征及其影响因素的初步分析

利用2018年夏季在西南黄海的现场调查资料,分析了海温、盐度和溶解氧(dissoloved oxygen,DO)分布特征.海区西侧的江苏沿海有明显的冷水带,冷水带对应表层较高的DO浓度.在海区南侧的长江口附近,盐度由南向北升高,上部海水DO浓度高,下部海水DO浓度低.综合现场观测数据、CCMP (Cross Calib...