Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in soils of Dashiwei Karst Tiankeng (giant doline) area in South China

Surface soil samples were collected in two karst Tiankengs, Dashiwei and Datuo, situated within the Dashiwei Tiankeng group, located in Leye County of Guangxi province, South China. The soil samples were analyzed for 23 kinds of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) using a gas chromatography electron capture detector device. The results showed that the concentrations of OCPs in soils of Dashiwei Tiankeng ranged from 0.03 to 5.13 ng/g for total OCPs, not detectable (ND) to 0.22 ng/g for Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs), and 0.01 to 3.61 ng/g for Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and metabolites (DDTs). Concentration of the total OCPs in soils of Datuo Tiankeng ranged from 0.13 to 14.36 ng/g, ND to 0.39 ng/g for HCHs, and 0.01 to 3.28 ng/g for DDTs. These concentrations indicated that there could be new inputs of HCHs and DDTs from recent application of lindane and dicofol in this area. Further analysis also revealed that the concentration of OCPs at the bottom of both Tiankengs was higher than the top. The variability in concentrations between the top and the bottom was attributed to the “cold trapping effect” for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in karst Tiankeng topography. The difference in temperature between the top and bottom of Tiankeng is a predominating factor which can cause a POPs “cold trapping effect.” Other environmental factors are proposed to explain the difference in concentration such as humidity, topography (or slope), wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation, vegetation cover, and soil organic matter. The environmental condition of Dashiwei Tiankeng appears to favor the accumulation of OCPs than that of Datuo Tiankeng because Dashiwei Tiankeng is a matured Tiankeng but Datuo Tiankeng is a degraded one. Thus, there is the need for further studies on the environmental factors influencing distribution of OCPs in karst Tiankeng.     

高质量发展耦合协调时空格局演化及影响因素——以浙江省县域为例

综合运用耦合协调、空间关联分析和地理加权回归模型,对浙江省县域高质量发展耦合协调水平进行测度,进一步分析其空间演化特征及影响因素.结果 表明:①浙江省县域高质量发展整体上呈现出“东高西低、北高南低”的空间分异特征,高质量发展耦合空间格局以良好耦合为主,高质量发展协调水平以中级协调为主.②高质量发展耦合协调空间结构呈现出...     

Analysis on the Interaction between Turbulence and Secondary Circulation of the Surface Layer at Jinta Oasis in Summer

The kinetic energy variations of mean flow and turbulence at three levels in the surface layer were calculated by using eddy covariance data from observations at Jinta oasis in 2005 summer.It is found that when the mean horizontal flow was stronger,the turbulent kinetic energy was increased at all levels,as well as the downward mean wind at the middle level.Since the mean vertical flow on the top and bottom were both negligible at that time,there was a secondary circulation with convergence in the upper half and divergence in the lower half of the column.After consideration of energy conversion,it was found that the interaction between turbulence and the secondary circulation caused the intensification of each other.The interaction reflected positive feedback between turbulence and the vertical shear of the mean flow.Turbulent sensible and latent heat flux anomaly were also analyzed.The results show that in both daytime and at night,when the surface layer turbulence was intensified as a result of strengthened mean flow,the sensible heat flux was decreased while the latent heat flux was increased.Both anomalous fluxes contributed to the cold island effect and the moisture island effect of the oasis.     

典型温带针阔叶混交林碳收支对温度的响应特征

森林生态系统是一个庞大的碳储备系统,在当前气候变暖条件下,温度变化会对森林生态系统的碳收支过程产生重要影响。该文选择长白山温带针阔混交林森林生态系统（CBS）作为研究对象,利用多年通量及小气候观测资料分析该生态系统碳收支过程对温度的响应特征,结果显示该温带森林碳交换的季节变化特征十分明显。生态系统总初级生产力GPP、生态系统呼吸R_e和净生态系统碳交换NEE在2003—2008年的月平均变化显示,碳收支3个组分最大值均出现在夏季,GPP最大值出现在7月,R_e最大值主要出现在8月,NEE负方向的最大值主要出现在6月或7月,表现为碳吸收。在日尺度和月尺度对温度的响应上,GPP和R_e都是随温度（气温和5 cm土壤温度）呈显著的指数升高形式。在日尺度上和月尺度上, NEE对气温的响应皆是分段线性形式,先是随气温的上升而正向增大,表现为碳排放;当超过临界温度,随气温的继续上升而负值增大,表现为碳吸收。根据温度、GPP、R_e以及NEE的季节的变化,每年达到最大的GPP、R_e以及NEE的最适温度均不同,这表明了在气温变化的背景下,生态系统的最适温度也在随之改变,也表明了不考虑其它因素的影响,在气候变暖的背景下,长白山针阔混交林森林生态系统的GPP、R_e随气温的升高增大,而NEE随气温的升高而减小。     

江汉平原地下水中有机氯农药的残留及分布特征

在江汉平原中部潜江市附近,沿径流选取了9个采样点对地下水进行有机氯农药的(OCPs)气相色谱分析,探讨了地下水中OCPs的分布特征及来源,并对浅层地下水的有机污染及其风险进行了初步评价。结果显示,被测21种OCPs均有不同程度的检出。枯水期和丰水期时,地下水样中HCHs的质量浓度分别为0.03~153.15,0.16~57.25ng/L,DDTs的质量浓度分别为0.05~13.27,0.51~3.18ng/L。HCHs和DDTs的质量浓度变化基本一致,均为枯水期高于丰水期,质量浓度从靠近汉江和长湖两端向中间递减。对HCHs和DDTs的组成进行了分析,结果表明HCHs可能有新的林丹输入,DDTs则主要为历史残留。与国内其他地区对比,本研究区OCPs残留水平较低,各组分未超过饮用水水质标准,对人类的健康风险较小。     

我国GPS基准站地壳垂直形变的大气负荷效应

利用球谐展开方法对中国地壳运动监测网络工程6个GPS基准站的大气负荷效应作了计算,结果表明,大气负荷引起的地壳垂直形变最大可达20~30 mm,且主要表现为季节性变化。通过对6个基准站的大气负荷效应和GPS观测到的垂直形变时间序列的分析对比,得出大气是地壳垂直形变季节变化的主要因素。     

一次梅雨过程χ场和ψ场相互作用的分析

用ＥＣＭＷＦ提供的１９８２年７月１－３１日逐日２．５°×２．５°网格资料，分析了江淮梅雨过程高低层流函数与势函数场的演变及其相互作用，并讨论了梅雨前后东亚季风的变化。     

利用高速收敛PSO或分解进行二维灰度熵图像分割

首先,定义了灰度熵并导出了相应的二维灰度熵阈值选取公式;其次,利用高速收敛PSO算法寻找二维灰度熵法的最佳阈值,并采用递推方式避免迭代过程中适应度函数的重复计算;最后,将二维灰度熵的运算转换到两个一维空间上,计算复杂度由O（L2）进一步降为O（L）。实验结果表明,与基于粒子群的二维最大Shannon熵法相比,所提出的两种方法的分割效果具有明显优势,且运行时间大幅减少。     

Change in regional land subsidence in Beijing after south-to-north water diversion project observed using satellite radar interferometry

ABSTRACT

Over-exploitation of groundwater has caused severe land subsidence in Beijing during the past two decades. Since the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP), the biggest water diversion project in China, started to deliver water to Beijing in December 2014, the groundwater shortage has been greatly alleviated. This study aims to analyze the impact of SNWDP on the spatiotemporal evolution of land subsidence in Beijing. Change in surface displacement in Beijing after SNWDP was retrieved and the spatiotemporal patterns of the change were analyzed based on long time-series Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) (2004–2010), Radarsat-2 (2011–2014), and Sentinel-1 (2015–2017) satellite datasets using Permanent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) techniques. Land subsidence unevenness index (LSUI) was proposed to represent the spatial unevenness of surface displacement. PS-Time approach was then adapted to examine the time series evolution of LSUI. The results showed that the InSAR measurements agree well with leveling measurements with R² over 0.96. Although the maximum annual displacement rate reached ?159.7 mm/year by 2017, over 57% of the area within 25 mm/year contour line showed decreasing or unchanged displacement rate after the south-north water delivered to Beijing. The settlement rate in Chaoyang-Dongbalizhuang (CD) subsidence center has decreased for 26 mm/year from 2011–2014 to 2015–2017. Only around 15% of the area experienced continued accelerating settlement rate through the three time periods, which was mainly located in the area with the compressible layer thickness over 190 m, while the magnitude of velocity increment considerably decreased after SNWDP. Land subsidence unevenness, represented by LSUI, developed more slowly after SNWDP than that during 2011–2014. However, LSUI at the edge of settlement funnel has kept developing and reached 1.7‰ in 2017. Decreasing groundwater level decline after SNWDP and the positive relationship (R² > 0.74) between land subsidence and groundwater level clearly showed impacts of SNWDP on the alleviating land subsidence. Other reasons include geological background, increasing precipitation, and strict water management policies implemented during these years.     

Carbon budget and balance critical processes of the regional land-water-air interface: Indicating the earth system’s carbon neutrality

Science China Earth Sciences - Regional processes on land-water-air interface carbon (C) budget and balance that interconnect the land and sea are in fact C neutrality critical processes within the...