Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in soils of Dashiwei Karst Tiankeng (giant doline) area in South China

Surface soil samples were collected in two karst Tiankengs, Dashiwei and Datuo, situated within the Dashiwei Tiankeng group, located in Leye County of Guangxi province, South China. The soil samples were analyzed for 23 kinds of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) using a gas chromatography electron capture detector device. The results showed that the concentrations of OCPs in soils of Dashiwei Tiankeng ranged from 0.03 to 5.13 ng/g for total OCPs, not detectable (ND) to 0.22 ng/g for Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs), and 0.01 to 3.61 ng/g for Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and metabolites (DDTs). Concentration of the total OCPs in soils of Datuo Tiankeng ranged from 0.13 to 14.36 ng/g, ND to 0.39 ng/g for HCHs, and 0.01 to 3.28 ng/g for DDTs. These concentrations indicated that there could be new inputs of HCHs and DDTs from recent application of lindane and dicofol in this area. Further analysis also revealed that the concentration of OCPs at the bottom of both Tiankengs was higher than the top. The variability in concentrations between the top and the bottom was attributed to the “cold trapping effect” for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in karst Tiankeng topography. The difference in temperature between the top and bottom of Tiankeng is a predominating factor which can cause a POPs “cold trapping effect.” Other environmental factors are proposed to explain the difference in concentration such as humidity, topography (or slope), wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation, vegetation cover, and soil organic matter. The environmental condition of Dashiwei Tiankeng appears to favor the accumulation of OCPs than that of Datuo Tiankeng because Dashiwei Tiankeng is a matured Tiankeng but Datuo Tiankeng is a degraded one. Thus, there is the need for further studies on the environmental factors influencing distribution of OCPs in karst Tiankeng.     

流体孔隙剪切变形与岩石圈层状运动机理

在岩石圈层状滑移系统中,如大陆地壳俯冲叠置构造、逆冲推覆断层、拆离断层、滑坡等系统,近于水平的断裂带上存在许多有一定压力的流体孔隙。如果这些流体孔隙是密闭的,便可看成液压千斤顶的液缸。那么,断层面以上滑移体的重量S_T不仅被断裂带上的固体支撑,也受孔隙液体举托力F_f支撑。设F_f与S_T之比为R,那么R就是一个描述滑移体滑移运动难易程度的重要参数。R值越大,滑移体越容易被移动（推动）。而岩石圈中层状滑移系统滑脱面的剪切变形可以显著地改变该参数的大小,从而对层状滑移运动产生深刻的影响。设剪切面上孔隙流体平均压强初始值为P₀,剪切角为α,剪切变形后的平均压强为P（α）,R（α）-α间存在下式的函数关系:R（α）=（R₀P（α））/（P₀cosα）由此可见,R（α）与P（α）正相关,与剪切角α也正相关。P（α）与剪切角α的函数关系目前还难以给出,但剪切过程中,流体孔隙压强保持不变的恒压过程是常见的,即P（α）=P₀。将该等式代入上式（1）,即可获得下式:R（α）=（R₀）/（cosα）,[P（α）=P₀,即恒压过程]由此作出恒压剪切过程的R（α）-α图解。从而发现,恒压剪切过程中,只要滑脱面上密闭流体孔隙存在初始压强,即R₀>0,那么,R（α）随α增长,当剪切角α达到一定程度,R（α）迅速超过1;R₀越大,实现R（α）>1所需的α值越小;反之,所需的α值越大。由此证明,密闭流体孔隙经过恒压剪切变形,导致R（α）>1的基本规律。非恒压过程总体规律不变。R（α）>1意味着层状滑移体完全被孔隙流体的浮托力支持。从而揭示岩石圈俯冲——推覆体及拆离机理和滑坡爆发的可能机制。     

基于家庭消费视角的广州城市社区碳排放空间差异研究

从家庭消费视角,通过对广州3个不同区位类型社区的问卷调查,从交通出行、家庭能耗、垃圾消耗3个方面分析其碳排放的特征,并对不同社区的碳排放的差异进行比较研究.研究发现:郊区社区家庭碳排放量最高,城乡结合部家庭碳排放最低,市区社区家庭碳排放量居中,社区用电的碳排放量最高,最后分析了这种差异形成的原因.     

Response of Freezing/Thawing Indexes to the Wetting Trend under Warming Climate Conditions over the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau during 1961–2010: A Numerical Simulation

Since the 1990s, the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau(QTP) has experienced a strikingly warming and wetter climate that alters the thermal and hydrological properties of frozen ground. A positive correlation between the warming and thermal degradation in permafrost or seasonally frozen ground(SFG) has long been recognized. Still, a predictive relationship between historical wetting under warming climate conditions and frozen ground has not yet been well demonstrated,despite the expectation that it will b...     

Improving CLM4.5 simulations of land–atmosphere exchange during freeze–thaw processes on the Tibetan Plateau

Soil is heterogeneous and has different thermal and hydraulic properties, causing varied behavior in heat and moisture transport. Therefore, soil has an important effect on land–atmosphere interactions. In this study, an improved soil parameterization scheme that considers gravel and organic matter in the soil was introduced into CLM4.5 (Community Land Model). By using data from the Zoige and Madoi sites on the Tibetan Plateau, the ability of the model to simultaneously simulate the duration of freeze–thaw periods, soil temperature, soil moisture, and surface energy during freeze–thaw processes, was validated. The results indicated that: (1) the new parameterization performed better in simulating the duration of the frozen, thawing, unfrozen, and freezing periods; (2) with the new scheme, the soil thermal conductivity values were decreased; (3) the new parameterization improved soil temperature simulation and effectively decreased cold biases; (4) the new parameterization scheme effectively decreased the dry biases of soil liquid water content during the freezing, completely frozen, and thawing periods, but increased the wet biases during the completely thawed period; and (5) the net radiation, latent heat flux, and soil surface heat flux of the Zoige and Madoi sites were much improved by the new organic matter and thermal conductivity parameterization.     

基于创新“二分法”的中国装备制造业创新网络研究

从创新“二分法”的研究视角出发,研究知识学习（STI）和经验学习（DUI）对中国装备制造业创新网络构建的影响。研究表明：① 从网络结构看,DUI是装备制造业创新结网的主要方式,产业伙伴比知识伙伴更重要。② 从空间尺度看,STI和DUI的区域合作均重于本地合作;国家层面是中国装备制造业创新合作的最佳空间尺度。③ 从环境需求看,优化本地创新资源并不能有效增强网络创新能力。研究指出,培育DUI创新绝对优势、重视区域创新协同合作、推动符合产业创新特点的环境建设与制度安排将有助于中国装备制造业创新能力提升。     

土壤砾石参数化对一次高原低涡形成发展影响的数值模拟

为了验证陆面过程模式砾石参数化方案在青藏高原上的天气过程的模拟能力,本文通过耦合了砾石参数化方案CLM4.5的区域气候模式RegCM4,对一次高原低涡个例进行模拟研究,利用模拟的500 hPa高空形势场、2 m温湿度和土壤温湿度等数据,结合ERA5资料对比验证分析。结果表明：加入砾石参数化方案的RegCM4对本次高原涡个例模拟效果整体较好;在500 hPa高空形势场中,新方案比旧方案更为准确地模拟出高原涡中心位置和涡区温度场特征;在高原涡生成和发展阶段,新方案模拟的2 m温度和相对湿度效果明显较旧方案强,为低涡的生成和发展提供有利条件;在土壤温湿度的模拟中,加入砾石后提升了土壤的导热率和导水率,使高原涡在初生和发展阶段提供更好的土壤热力和水分条件;高原涡消亡阶段,新方案使浅层土壤温度下降,深层土壤温度升高;在500 hPa反气旋性环流地区,新方案模拟的土壤体积含水量较旧方案偏低,而当青藏高原高空无强烈天气系统时,新旧方案在土壤体积含水量的模拟表现差别不大。在高原涡整个生命史中,新方案在浅层土壤温度的模拟明显优于旧方案,而在土壤体积含水量模拟中第1层效果最好。     

2012-2015年中缅油气管道重要节点土地利用/覆被时空变化分析

"中缅油气管道"是我国陆上第三大能源通道,该项目的建设将改变其沿线周边的土地利用/覆盖现状,同时对沿线地区的自然环境和社会经济发展产生重要影响。本文选取中缅油气管道沿线的国内11个重要节点和缅甸境内4个重要节点作为研究区,以2012年和2015年2期Landsat7 ETM+和Landsat8 OLI影像数据作为数据源,利用决策树分类算法提取2012年和2015年2期中缅油气管道沿线重要节点的土地利用/覆被信息,分析2012年和2015年2个时期的中缅油气管道沿线15个重要节点土地利用/覆被的时空变化。研究结果表明：①15个节点中,除德宏芒市、保山隆阳区、缅甸若开邦外,其他11个节点的土地覆被变化均在20%左右;②15个节点中,最主要的土地覆被变化为植被和裸土的相互转换,其次为其他土地覆被类型向建筑的转换;③由于中缅油气管道项目的辐射作用,带动当地经济发展,改变当地的经济作物结构,因此造成大量的植被和裸土的相互转换,并造成建筑用地需求增加,出现大量的其他地表覆被类型向建筑的转换。     

云南昌宁橄榄河热泉水化学特征及复合成因机制研究

通过对橄榄河温泉盖层和热储层地质体的岩性和构造特征分析,依据水化学数据,利用Piper三角图解法、同位素水文学方法和地球化学温标等方法,对橄榄河温泉地下热水的水化学类型、补给机制、热储特征和冷热水混合机制等关键问题进行了分析。结果表明地下热水源于大气降水补给,且地下热水在上升至地表的过程中与浅层冷水发生着混合,冷水混入比例约为62%~64%;温泉水化学类型为HCO3 -Na型,表明热水化学组分与围岩化学成分之间具有耦合关系;地下热水循环深度约2 070 m,橄榄河温泉的成因受控于柯街深大断裂,其控制着地下热水的储存、运移和混合程度。研究成果填补了橄榄河热泉的相关研究空白,为该温泉的开发利用提供了科学支撑。      

The influence of fractionation of REE-enriched minerals on the zircon partition coefficients

Zircon is widely used to simulate melt generation, migration and evolution within the crust and mantle.The achievable performance of melt modelling generally depends on the availability of reliable trace element partition coefficients(D).However, a large range of D_(REE)values for zircon from natural samples and experimental studies has been reported, with values spanning up to 3 orders of magnitude.Unfortunately, a gap of knowledge on this variability is evident.In this study we model the crystallization processes of common REE-bearing minerals from granitic melts and show that the measured zircon D_(REE)would be elevated if there is crystallization of REE-enriched minerals subsequent to zircon.Nevertheless, compared to zircon D_(REE)values measured from experimental studies, this mechanism appears to have a less significant influence on those from natural granite samples since the quantity of crystallized REE-enriched minerals is very low in natural magmatic systems and/or most of them crystallize prior to zircon.Combined with recently published studies, this work supports that analysis of natural zircon/host groundmass pairs provides more robust D_(REE)values applicable to natural systems than those measured from experimental studies, which can be used to constrain the provenance of detrital zircons.