论“造山的高原”

地球上的高原依照其组成及形成过程差异分为两大类:克拉通高原与造山高原。克拉通高原是在古老的前寒武纪基底和稳定的克拉通的基础上构筑的高原,具有简单的、均一的、稳定的、冷的地壳以及刚性古老硬基底,如巴西高原、科罗拉多高原、埃塞俄比亚高原、南非高原、中西伯利亚高原和德干高原等。造山的高原是以造山单元作为主体的高原,分为俯冲型高原和碰撞型高原。前者如"中安第斯高原"与东太平洋的向东俯冲密切相关;后者如青藏高原,具有相对复杂、不均一、多地体拼贴、多期造山、相对热的巨厚地壳组成的造山软基底。研究表明青藏高原的初始高原在白垩纪形成,与班公湖-怒江缝合带的闭合(120~140Ma)有关。而印度-亚洲碰撞(60~50Ma)和印度岩石圈板片平俯冲在青藏高原之下,促使青藏高原整体的抬升至4000~5000m的高度。     

Influence of chlorine substitution on adsorption of gaseous chlorinated phenolics on multi-walled carbon nanotubes embedded in SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) embedded in SiO₂ particles were prepared through the floating-catalyst chemical vapor deposition method. The parameters reaction time and flow rate of the carbon source (CH₄) were studied to obtain optimum conditions for MWCNT synthesis. The obtained MWCNTs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to confirm their morphology and crystallinity. The optimum conditions were a CH₄ flow rate of 100 ml/min in a H₂–Ar mixture at a flow rate of 500 ml/min and a reaction time of 20 min. Under these conditions, MWCNTs with average outer and inner diameters of around 50 and 10 nm, respectively, were obtained. SiO₂ particles with embedded MWCNTs were studied for their adsorption of gaseous chlorinated phenolic compounds (CPCs), with emphasis on the effect of number of chlorine substituents. The CPC compounds of 2-chlorophenol (CP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) were compared against phenol (P). Adsorption of P and CPCs on the particles fit well the Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption capacities of P, CP, and DCP on SiO₂ particles with embedded MWCNTs were found to be 3.12, 13.83, and 44.25 mg/g, respectively. Desorption activation energy was determined by thermogravimetric analysis. Chlorine substitution on P changed the adsorption process from physical to chemical adsorption. The particles showed high potential for use as a pre-concentration unit for solid-phase microextraction.     

黄海底栖纤毛虫的群落结构与时空变化

采用密度梯度离心结合定量蛋白银染色(Ludox-QPS)方法,对2010年7月和11月获自黄海海域沉积物中的底栖纤毛虫进行了群落结构研究,并结合环境因子进行了分析。结果表明:7月浒苔暴发期间,纤毛虫现存量以北黄海、南黄海近岸和长江口外海域较高,南黄海离岸站位较低;11月的纤毛虫丰度和生物量均明显高于7月,南黄海近岸站位的丰度和生物量较高,且向外海随水深增大呈减少的趋势。11月丰度和生物量前三位的类群与7月一致,前口类丰度所占比例最高,核残迹类生物量所占比例最高。肉食性纤毛虫均是两个月份的最优势摄食类群。11月纤毛虫的物种数、Margalef指数和香农-威纳指数均高于7月,且均以南黄海近岸海域较高,而离岸海域较低;纤毛虫丰度、生物量、物种数、Margalef和香农-威纳指数与底层水温度和沉积物中值粒径呈显著正相关。冷水团对底栖纤毛虫群落结构和分布有一定的影响,且是多个环境因子的共同影响。两个月份纤毛虫群落间的Jaccard相似系数值高于单个月份南北黄海和冷水团内外的系数值,表明黄海底栖纤毛虫的物种组成在季节间的差异可能小于不同海域之间的差异。7月南黄海近岸较高的纤毛虫现存量和多样性表明,浒苔的死亡和降解可能通过级联效应促进了近岸站位纤毛虫的生长。     

中国青年妇女血红蛋白正常参考值及其地理因素

A research is conducted on the relationship between the normal reference value of 20,475 examples of hemoglobin of young women and five geographical factors in 208 areas in China, the normal reference value is determined by the hemoglobincyanide method. It is found that the correlation of geographical factors and the normal reference value of hemoglobin of young women are quite significant (F=142.81). By using the method of multiple linear regression analysis, one regression equation is inferred. If geographical values are obtained in some areas, the normal reference value of hemoglobin of young women of this area can be reckoned by using the regression equation. Furthermore, depending on the geographical factors, China can be divided into six regions:Oinghai-Tibet (Qingzang) Plateau. Southwest. Northwest. Southeast. North and Northeast China.     

Recognition method for mid‐ to long‐term runoff forecasting factors based on global sensitivity analysis in the Nenjiang River Basin

Mid‐ to long‐term runoff forecasting is important to China. Forecasting based on physical causes has become the trend of this field, and recognition of key factors is central to recent development. Here, global sensitivity analysis based on back‐propagation arithmetic was used to calculate the sensitivity of up to 24 factors that affect runoff in the Nenjiang River Basin. The following five indices were found to be key factors for mid‐ to long‐term runoff forecasting during flood season: Tibetan Plateau B, index of the strength of the East Asian trough, index of the area of the northern hemisphere polar vortex, zonal circulation index over the Eurasian continent and index of the strength of the subtropical high over the western Pacific. The hydrological climate of the study area and the rainfall–runoff laws were then analysed in conjunction with its geographical position and topographic condition. The rationality of the results can be demonstrated from the positive analysis point of view. The results of this study provide a general method for selection of mid‐ to long‐term runoff forecasting factors based on physical causes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

蒙古国塔南凹陷南屯组水下扇的沉积演化特征

利用基于Wheeler变换的数据驱动倾角导向体生成的非线性年代地层切片,研究蒙古国塔南凹陷下白垩统南屯组水下扇的沉积演化特征。基于沉积学的理论指导,通过单井相、连井相标定,结合地震反演、地震属性等技术,进行等时地层单元的沉积相分析;基于相控应用年代地层切片技术研究沉积演化特征。结果表明:塔南凹陷南屯组SQ21时期发育近岸水下扇及远岸水下扇,水下扇的沉积演化规模随着水体的加深先扩张后萎缩,到最大湖泛时期基本消失;切片中水道显示远岸水下扇是近岸水下扇二次搬运至同生断裂再次滑塌而成。     

江汉平原东部构造特征与演化

本文论述了江汉平原地区东部区域构造格架与局部构造样式及其构造演化,指出该地区中古生界以发育挤压性构造为主,具有对冲干涉、南北分带、纵向叠置的结构特征。全区分为南部江南-雪峰滑脱推覆构造带、中部对冲(背冲)构造带、北部秦岭大别推覆构造带三个主体构造带。多期次构造变形变位及岩浆活动作用,发育了挤压构造、压扭走滑构造、刺穿和隐刺穿构造、张性构造四类基本构造样式。一般认为震旦纪至早、中三叠世本区及中扬子区经历了两期板块汇聚、增生、裂解、俯冲、陆内碰撞造山的构造旋回;之后经历了晚三叠世前陆斜坡演化阶段;侏罗纪末期陆内造山、挤压褶皱演化阶段;侏罗纪后-早白垩世剥蚀夷平、岩浆岩活动改造演化阶段;中晚白垩世-古近纪构造负反转、断陷演化阶段;新近纪构造体制再次正反转、区域挤压抬升演化阶段。多期构造运动导致多种原型盆地改造叠加使江汉平原东部地区的构造格局复杂多变。     

应用信息粒方法构建测井岩性解释模型

基于模糊聚类、神经网络等常用测井岩性识别方法,提出应用信息粒(InformationGranulation)技术建立测井数据到岩性知识的映射模型。并以中国大陆科学钻探(CCSD)的测井数据为例,详细介绍了这种岩性解释方法的应用过程及其所取得的良好应用效果。