Regional gravity field modeling using free-positioned point masses

A two-step free-positioned point mass method is used for regional gravity field modeling together with the remove-compute-restore (RCR) technique. The Quasi-Newton algorithm (L-BFGS-B) is implemented to solve the nonlinear problem with bound constraints in the first step, while in the second step the magnitudes of the point masses are re-adjusted with known positions in the least-squares sense. In order to reach a good representation of the gravity field, a number of parameter sets have to be defined carefully before the computations. The effects of four important parameter sets (depth limits, number of point masses, original/reduced basis functions and optimization directions) are investigated for regional gravity field modeling based on two numerical test cases with synthetic and real data. The results show that the selection of the initial depth and depth limits is of most importance. The number of point masses for obtaining a good fit is affected by the data distribution, while a dependency on the data variability (signal variation) is negligible. Long-wavelength errors in the predicted height anomalies can be reduced significantly by using reduced basis functions, and the radial-direction optimization proves to be stable and reliable for regular and irregular data scenarios. If the parameter sets are defined properly, the solutions are similar to the ones computed by least-squares collocation (LSC), but require fewer unknowns than LSC.     

南黄海地震区的地震活动性研究

北纬３１°—３５°、东经１１９°—１２５°范围内的南黄海地震区,中强地震活动频繁,这主要是由一组北北东向和北西—北西西向共轭走滑活动断层及张性铲形活动断层引起的,该区内的中强震活动具有准周期性,震中呈东移趋势,区内地震在原地或同一构造部位重复发生的概率比较高,且空间分布是不均匀的,其中,海域地震强度明显高于陆域地震,在第Ⅲ、Ⅳ地震活跃期内,中强震主要发生在北纬３３°±１°、东经１２１°±１°所在的南黄海海域的南部盆地,本区第Ⅳ活跃期内中强地震的活动水平与近期内中小地震的活动水平相当,同时,海域地震还具有成丛性及５７ 年、６ 年的节律,地震震中具有南北迁移的特征     

我国科学数据共享现状的调查

本文是科学数据共享政策法规体系研究系列文章的收笔之作.撰写本文的目的,就是为说明科学数据共享政策法规体系的研究是建立在大量的基础调研之上.调查研究是谋事之基、成事之道.从实践中寻求解决现实问题的方法,才能制定出切实可行的政策、法规,调查研究是制定政策、法规的客观依据.为使制订政策、 规章制度适应社会经济发展和变化的新情况,就深入开展调查研究,认真听取各方面的意见,深入研究相应的管理规律和运行机制.本文详述了调查过程、调查方法,以佐证政策法规研究不能脱离实际.     

Shear strength of frozen clay under freezing-thawing cycles using triaxial tests

Using a new low-temperature dynamic triaxial apparatus, the influence law of freezing-thawing cycles on clay shear strength is studied. In this research, the concept of correction coefficients of freezing-thawing cycles on clay static strength, cohesion and internal friction angles is proposed, and the change patterns, correction curves and regressive formulae of clay static strength, cohesion and internal friction angles under freezing-thawing cycles are given. The test results indicate that with increasing numbers of freezing-thawing cycles, the clay static strength and cohesion decrease exponentially but the internal friction angle increases exponentially. The performance of static strength, cohesion and internal friction angles are different with increasing numbers of freezing-thawing cycles, i.e., the static strength decreases constantly until about 30% of the initial static strength prior to the freezing-thawing cycling and then stays basically stable. After 5–7 freezing-thawing cycles, the cohesion decreases gradually to about 70% of the initial cohesion. The internal friction angle increases about 20% after the first freezing-thawing cycle, then increases gradually close to a stable value which is an increase of about 40% of the internal friction angle. The freezing-thawing process can increase the variation of the density of the soil samples; therefore, strict density discreteness standards of frozen soil sample preparation should be established to ensure the reliability of the test results.     

短期重现性地磁日变化感应电流集中分布与地震关系初步研究

通过分析台站之间地磁垂直分量日变化相关性,研究中国大陆南北带地区90°E～110°E,2009～2018年地磁日变化感应电流线状集中分布现象与M_S≥6.0地震关系。统计发现,我国每月平均出现约2次感应电流集中分布现象,且10天左右内有原地重复出现现象——感应电流集中分布重叠异常,原地重现的集中分布感应电流日期间隔一般在10天左右以内,原地重现日期一般不连续,重现次数一般仅有2次。研究发现,我国南北带2009～2018年共出现重叠异常23次,20次重叠异常出现后18个月内重叠段发生M_S≥6.0地震,对应率高达87%,地震基本发生在重叠段端部250km以内,重叠段发生2次M_S≥6.0地震的比例较低,约35%;重叠段2个端部均发生M_S≥6.0地震的比例极小,仅约9%。部分重叠段走向与已经发现的上地幔和地壳高导带埋深走向基本一致,推测重叠异常发生在上地幔和地壳高导带附近,是来自上地幔和地壳内高导带附近的地震异常信息。目前已知,中国大陆强地震主要发生在上地幔高导层的隆起区一带及其壳内高导层发育地区,深部电性测深结果表明,大震易于发生在电导率急剧变化的梯度带,但这些地区何时发生地震还未得知,本文发现的重叠异常解释了这些地区1～2年内是否发生地震这一问题。     

Impacts of Using the Rigorous Topographic Gravity Modeling Method and Lateral Density Variation Model on Topographic Reductions and Geoid Modeling: A Case Study in Colorado,USA

Surveys in Geophysics - Until now, the prismatic mass approximation of the topography and the constant density assumption have been mostly utilized in topographic reductions, which are rough...     

Correction to: Impacts of Using the Rigorous Topographic Gravity Modeling Method and Lateral Density Variation Model on Topographic Reductions and Geoid Modeling: A Case Study in Colorado,USA

Surveys in Geophysics -     

基于多指标综合评分法筛选地表水环境优先污染物——以湖北涨渡湖为例

人类活动和社会经济迅速发展导致大量化学品排放进入地表水环境,对水生生态系统和人类健康产生诸多不利影响,如何从众多的化学品中筛选识别出具有潜在危害的优先污染物是水污染治理和管控的关键.本研究基于污染物环境暴露水平、持久性、生物累积性、生态风险和人体健康风险5个评价参数,构建多指标综合评分法定量筛选识别地表水环境优先污染物类别,并应用于涨渡湖水体中优先污染物清单的建立.污染物环境暴露水平基于靶向分析综合考虑了污染物环境实测浓度和检出频率.目标污染物持久性和生物累积性毒害性参数分别采用生物降解系数和正辛醇-水分配系数来表征.此外在物种敏感度分布法和评估因子法的基础上计算生态风险熵以定量表征生态风险,人体健康风险则由终生致癌风险指数或危害指数来表征.基于该多指标综合评分法可于涨渡湖水体7类151种特征污染物中筛查出41种优先污染物,主要包括11种多氯联苯、8种有机氯农药、6种多环芳烃、4种邻苯二甲酸酯、4种挥发性有机物和8种金属元素.鉴于不同地表水环境污染状况不同,通过多指标综合评分法可建立因地制宜的优先污染物清单,从而有利于形成以保护水生生物和人类健康为最终目标的优先污染物水质基准,为地表水环境污染物管控及治理提供方法学支撑和科学依据.     

Early Paleozoic subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean: Geochronological and geochemical evidence from the Dashizhai basalts,Inner Mongolia

Zircon U-Pb results of basalt from the Dashizhai Town in Inner Mongolia, NE China, shows that the basaltic lava was erupted at 439±3 Ma, much older than the “Permian basalts” as previously thought. These rocks show arc-type trace element patterns (i.e., Nb-Ta depletion and light REE and large ion lithophile element enrichment) and unradiogenic Sr and highly radiogenic Nd and Hf isotope compositions. They can be subdivided into two petrogenetic groups: Group 1 basalts have relatively high TiO₂, MgO and compatible elements and low Sr and Th, characterized by mid-oceanic ridge basalt (MORB)-type Sr-Nd-Hf isotope compositions (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(i)=0.7028−0.7032, ε_Nd(t)=+9.8−+11.2, ε_Hf(t)=+16.1−+18.4). Group 2 has lower TiO₂, MgO and compatible elements and higher Sr and Th, and relatively evolved Sr-Nd-Hf isotope compositions (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(i)=0.7037−0.7038, ε_Nd(t)=+5.7−+7.3, ε_Hf(t)=+12.6−+13.0). Both groups were interpreted as melts derived from a metasomatized mantle wedge formed during the subduction of Paleo-Asian Ocean. The mantle source for Group 1 was probably a highly isotopically depleted oceanic mantle modified by predominant slab fluids; whereas subducted sediments had an important contribution to the melting source for Group 2. The petrogenesis of the Dashizhai basalts provides clear evidence for early Paleozoic subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean, and the highly radiogenic Nd and Hf compositions in these rocks suggest that these lavas and their possible intrusive counterparts were one of the important components for Phanerozoic crustal growth. Our and previous studies on the “Dashizhai Formation” volcanic rocks yield an unrealistic eruption range of 440-270 Ma for different rock types, we thus advise to disassemble the previously defined “Dashizhai Formation” into multiple lithologic units and to reinterpret the spatial and temporal distributions of different volcano-sedimentary associations. Supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB403504)     

三维井间地震侧面波传播特征及其分离研究

井间地震与常规地震相比具有较高的分辨率,同时波场也更加复杂.利用视速度特征的差异很容易地分离井间上下行波场,根据纵横波偏振特征的不同可将纵横波完全分离,但是针对井间地震侧面波的研究并不多.本文构建高速透镜体和断层模型进行波场数值模拟,通过对三维地震波场的传播特征进行分析可知,井间地震接收的波场既有岩性分界面的响应,还会有侧向地质不均匀体产生的干扰,严重影响成像的质量和精度.经偏振旋转后的T分量记录对物性横向变化较为敏感,综合分析X、Y、Z分量和T分量上不同连井剖面的波场传播特征,可对侧向传播的干扰波进行有效识别,利用线性Radon变换可以在一定程度上将侧面波进行压制,为后续井间地震资料处理提供高信噪比的数据.本文通过理论模型进行试算研究,验证了该方法的有效性,并对理论记录取得了较好的分离效果.