应用岩性统计方法判别沉积相*——以珠江口盆地三角洲沉积为例

传统的沉积相分析方法人为影响因素较大,对于相同的沉积构造、曲线形态及地震反射特征,不同人可能会有不同的认识,而岩性相对比较容易识别,并且能通过精密的仪器准确获得,因此,利用岩性数据进行沉积相判别,可以避免沉积相分析过程中人为认识相标志不同造成的差异。作者以珠江口盆地三角洲沉积的岩性数据为基础,通过对能够反映沉积速率、沉积物供给量及沉积水动力条件的不同岩性地层的厚度和层数的统计,选取单层厚度、地层厚度比、出现频率及层数比等统计参数,以交汇图、岩性百分含量三角图及箱线图为依托,最终建立各沉积亚相的定量判别标准。通过检验,其准确率在75％左右,可见该方法基本可行,为沉积相定量化研究提供了一种可供借鉴的方法。     

珠江口盆地流花碳酸盐台地灰岩坑的地震反射特征及成因探讨

早中新世东沙隆起带上发育了大规模的流花碳酸盐台地,上覆巨厚未固结-弱固结泥岩。基于三维地震数据,利用相干体及可视化等方法,在台地上发现了由溶蚀垮塌作用形成的数量众多的椭圆形的灰岩坑。灰岩坑直径一般为200~700 m,最大超过900 m,深度10~90 m;灰岩坑在地震反射上表现为碳酸盐岩顶部垮塌,并导致上覆泥岩地层塌陷;灰岩坑一般沿NWW向断层分布,这些NWW向断层切割中新世碳酸盐岩和上覆海相泥岩地层,绝大多数终止于T₁₀的不整合面。综合分析东沙海区构造和沉积过程认为：发生在晚中新世末期的东沙运动形成了NWW向张扭性断层,为酸性流体提供了运移通道和物质交换场所;东沙运动伴生的基底岩浆活动可能产生了酸性热液流体;东沙运动末期发生强烈的构造抬升和大规模海底暴露,造成地表水沿断层注入,加快了碳酸盐岩的溶蚀速率。在台地底部珠海组砂岩层的高压流体、地表水和岩浆活动可能产生的酸性热液流体的共同溶蚀作用下,碳酸盐岩地层内部产生溶洞,并且越来越大,最终顶部无法承载上覆巨厚泥岩而发生垮塌,形成灰岩坑。流花碳酸盐台地灰岩坑的形成不是简单的暴露溶蚀,而是构造活动影响下深埋藏溶蚀作用的产物。     

高温后花岗岩巴西劈裂抗拉实验及超声特性研究

采用非金属超声检测分析仪和液压伺服试验系统装置,研究不同温度（25 ℃～1 000 ℃)作用后花岗岩的超声特性,分析不同温度条件下花岗岩的劈裂抗拉强度。结果表明,（1）高温后花岗岩的纵波波速、超声波形以及劈裂抗拉强度都与温度的变化密切相关;（2）随着温度的增高,花岗岩试样的纵波波速和劈裂抗拉强度逐渐减小,经历1 000 ℃高温后,纵波波速下降90%,劈裂抗拉强度下降65%,并且,纵波波速和抗拉强度间存在一定的相关性;（3）超声波波形随温度升高由整齐变混乱,由密集变稀疏,尤其在800 ℃波形变化最明显;（4）花岗岩试样的热损伤不断增加,经历1 000 ℃热损伤后,试样的脆性增加,变得轻脆易碎。     

桂林毛村岩溶区与碎屑岩区不同土地利用方式对土壤水稳性团聚体特征的影响

以桂林毛村岩溶生态试验场为研究区域,通过对该地区岩溶区和碎屑岩区不同土地利用方式的土壤进行采样和分析,系统研究和比较了旱地、水田、林地和灌丛四种不同土地利用方式下土壤水稳性团聚体分布特征。结果表明:无论是岩溶区石灰土还是碎屑岩区红壤,土地利用方式对土壤水稳性团聚体分布和组成有着显著的影响(p<0.05)。与旱地和水田等传统农田相比,灌丛和林地这两种自然土壤明显提高了>5mm和>0.25mm团聚体的比例,并且团聚体稳定性增加。岩溶区灌丛的平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)较旱地分别提高了185%和179%,较水田提高了361%和481%,林地的MWD和GMD分别较旱地提高了65%和43%,较水田提高了167%和198%;而碎屑岩区灌丛的MWD和GMD分别较其旱地和水田提高了103%和134%、15%和32%,林地的MWD和GMD分别较其旱地和水田提高了117%和152%、23%和43%。这说明相比碎屑岩区红壤,岩溶区石灰土受到人类活动的频繁干扰之后退化更快,土壤团聚体稳定性下降更多,这也说明了岩溶区土壤环境的脆弱性。      

2013年广西平果震群尾波衰减特征研究

2013年6~7月在广西平果县中铝广西分公司3号排泥库附近出现密集小震群活动。本文搜集本次震群中146次可用于计算尾波的ML1.0地震的近距离台站数字地震波形,利用波形高信噪比的尾波时间域信号,采用计算尾波品质因子Q_C(f)值的Sato模型,通过滤波及去除环境噪声,计算了地震波传播路径上的尾波Q_C(f)值;拟合Q_C(f)值与频率f之间的关系,分析了排泥库区域地震波衰减的时空特征。根据信噪比及计算要求,从近场7个台站的记录中挑选出273条三分向记录,计算尾波衰减参数,得到尾波Q_C(f)与频率f的关系为:Q(f)=(69.07±40.09)f~(0.90±0.23)。结果表明,本区域为低衰减区域,库区Q值相对较高,地震波衰减较慢,且Q值对频率的依赖性不强,研究区介质非均匀性程度低,介质较为稳定。     

Performance of detrending models of crop yield risk assessment: evaluation on real and hypothetical yield data

Detrending is a widely used technique for obtaining stationary time series data in residual analysis and risk assessment. The technique is frequently applied in crop yield risk assessment and insurance ratings. Although several trend models have been proposed in the literature, whether these models achieve consistent detrending results and successfully extract the true yield trends is rarely discussed. In the present article, crop insurance pricing is evaluated by different trend models using real and historical yield data, and hypothetical yield data generated by Monte Carlo simulations. Applied to real historical data, the linear, loglinear, autoregressive integrated moving average trend models produce different risk assessment results. The differences among the model outputs are statistically significant. The largest deviation in the county crop assessment reaches 6–8 %, substantially larger than the present countrywide gross premium rate of 5–7 %. In performance tests on simulated yield trends, popular detrending methods based on smoothing techniques proved overall superior to linear, loglinear, and integrated autoregression models. The best performances were yielded by the moving average and robust locally weighted regression models.     

景泰M_S4.7地震前的定点形变异常

2014年11月15日,在甘肃省白银市景泰县发生MS4.7地震,震源深度10km。在震中附近200km以内,甘肃省地震局共安装架设有14台各类形变观测仪器。本文通过对这些形变观测仪产出的分钟值观测资料做小波分析发现,在地震前1个月内共有11台(套)形变观测仪记录到了异常变化。其中:SSY、TJ、DSQ、SSQ型观测仪记录到异常的同步性非常好;CZB型观测仪记录到的异常比较乱,没有固定的规律。通过对这些异常变化的总结能够为地震预测提供一定的判断依据。     

Wave Propagation Modeling and Amplitude-Variation-with-Offset Response in a Fractured Coalbed

Coalbed methane can be detected employing the amplitudevariation-with-offset technique. However, there are two issues in applying this technique to a coalbed: strong azimuthal anisotropy resulting from high-density fractures, and the seismic response being composed of many or several individual reflections within the coalbed. To overcome these difficulties, we present an exact solution for reflections in extensive dilatancy anisotropy media. First, we build a three-layer model and simulate the wave propagation in this model. Then we derive an exact P- and converted S-wave reflection coefficient equation based on boundary conditions. Finally, substituting given model parameters into the exact equation, we obtain the variation in the reflection coefficient with incidence angle. The results show that the fracture factors, wavelet frequency and thickness of the coalbed have different effects on the reflection coefficient. Furthermore, we create a synthetic seismogram by forward calculation, and the result fits well with results of the exact equation.     

Spatiotemporal variation and driving forces of reference evapotranspiration in Jing River Basin,northwest China

Evapotranspiration is an important component of the hydrological cycle, which integrates atmospheric demands and surface conditions. Research on spatial and temporal variations of reference evapotranspiration (ET_o) enables understanding of climate change and its effects on hydrological processes and water resources. In this study, ET_o was estimated by the FAO‐56 Penman–Monteith method in the Jing River Basin in China, based on daily data from 37 meteorological stations from 1960 to 2005. ET_o trends were detected by the Mann–Kendall test in annual, seasonal, and monthly timescales. Sensitivity coefficients were used to examine the contribution of important meteorological variables to ET_o. The influence of agricultural activities, especially irrigation on ET_o was also analyzed. We found that ET_o showed a decreasing trend in most of the basin in all seasons, except for autumn, which showed an increasing trend. Mean maximum temperature was generally the most sensitive parameter for ET_o, followed by relative humidity, solar radiation, mean minimum temperature, and wind speed. Wind speed was the most dominant factor for the declining trend in ET_o. The more significant decrease in ET_o for agricultural and irrigation stations was mainly because of the more significant decrease in wind speed and sunshine hours, a mitigation in climate warming, and more significant increase in relative humidity compared with natural stations and non‐irrigation stations. Changes in ET_o and the sensitivity coefficient of meteorological variables in relation to ET_o were also affected by topography. Better understanding of ET_o response to climate change will enable efficient use of agricultural production and water resources, which could improve the ecological environment in Jing River Basin. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.