多隐层BP神经网络在模式预报中的简化应用

EC细网格预报效果好,基本满足业务需要,在工作中被广泛应用。为进一步提升预报准确性,做好迪士尼园区的气象服务保障,选取2016年7月至2017年6月1年的2 m温度预报场,24 h预报时效的时间分辨率为3 h,72 h预报时效的时间分辨率为24 h,分别用回归分析法、S型和简化Line型BP神经网络法进行模式释用,与迪士尼气象站观测数据对比。结果表明:阈值为1℃时,对模式结果释用后,均方根误差减少了0.5℃到1.0℃,3—9 h和21—72 h预报时效的准确率由原来的50%和30%分别上升到70%和50%。采用S型多隐层BP神经网络误差最小,不同预报时效释用稳定性最高,同时该释用方法对t_(min)的预报特征把握更精准,释用效果明显优于对t_(max)的预报释用,但迭代计算耗费时间大幅增多,与预报效果的提升不成正比。简化Line型的BP神经网络通过8个半月的数据量和简单的网络模式,捕获了EC预报的特征,不但减小了计算量,大幅缩短了计算时间,而且预报结果也有显著提升,预报稳定性较好,具有广泛的业务应用空间。     

Urban planning construction land standard and its revision based on climate and topography in China

Urban planning construction land standard is the technical specification for scientifically allocating various types of urban construction land, and it is the basis for drawing up and revising the overall urban planning scheme. Considering China's current urban planning construction land standard, many problems exist, such as the gap in the land use control threshold, the lack of regional differences in the climate revision, and failing to consider the topographic factors. To resolve these problems, this study proposed a step-by-step process framework and quantitative calculation method for the establishment and revision of standards in accordance with the principle of Total-Structure control. By setting the conditions, a universal basic standard for construction land was established. Quantitative analysis was then conducted on the relationship between the basic standard and the selected key indicators, such as urban population size, sunshine spacing coefficient, the width of river valleys or inter-montane basins, and terrain slope, among others. Finally, revised standards were formed for climate conditions, topography, and geomorphologic conditions, which were matched with the basic standards. The key results are three-fold:(1) The per capita construction land standard of 95 m~2/person can be used as the total indicator of China's urban planning basic standard, and the corresponding per capita single construction land comprises 32.50% of residential land, 7.42% of public management and public service land, 22.50% of industrial land, 17.50% of transportation facilities, 12.50% of green space, and 7.58% of other land-use types. The results of the revision of the urban population size indicate that the difference in population size has little effect on the total amount of per capita construction land.(2) The climate revision results of per capita residential land and per capita construction land in major cities reveal that the revised climate value varies greatly between north and south China. The revised climate values of the per capita area of construction land vary by latitude as follows: the value at 20°N is 93 m~2/person, the value at 30°N is 97 m~2/person, the value at 40°N is 103 m~2/person, and the value at 50°N is 115 m~2/person. The basic standard land value of 95 m~2/person is generally distributed across the Xiamen-Guilin-Kunming line.(3) The cities located in mountainous areas, hilly valleys, or inter-montane basins can reduce the allocation of community parks and comprehensive parks when the average width of an existing river valley or inter-montane basin is less than 2 km. When the average width of the valley or inter-montane basin is between 2 km to 4 km, the allocation of the comprehensive parks can be reduced. The revised results of per capita sloping construction land reveal that the terrain slope greatly affects the revised value of per capita construction land. Specifically, the revised value at 3° is 3.68% higher than the basic standard value, and the increase rates at 8°, 15°, and 25° are 11.25%, 26.49%, and 68.47%, respectively.     

Comparison of ecophysiological characteristics between introduced and indigenous mangrove species in China

Due to its rapid growth, the introduced mangrove species Sonneratia apetala from Bangladesh has been widely used in mangrove restoration in southeastern China since 1985. As an indigenous mangrove species in Hainan, China, Sonneratia caseolaris was also planted in Guangdong Province for afforestation purposes. Both species have developed well in their new habitats, but their ecophysiological differences with the native mangrove species have not been studied. In this study, leaf gas exchange, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of two Sonneratia species were compared with those of selected native mangrove species (Avicennia marina, Aegiceras corniculatum, Kandelia candel, and Excoecaria agallocha) in Hainan and Shenzhen. The introduced S. apetala maintained lower carbon assimilation rate (A) and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) than the indigenous S. caseolaris. In Shenzhen, the two introduced Sonneratia had comparable photosynthetic rates and water use efficiency (WUE) with the native mangrove species, except that PNUE in S. caseolaris was significantly higher than in the native mangrove species. The two Sonneratia species showed significant overlap in PNUE and long-term WUE. Photosynthetic parameters derived from leaf photosynthetic light–response curves and A–C_i curves also suggested lower carbon assimilation capacities for the introduced Sonneratia than for the native mangrove species in both study sites. The lower light compensation point (LCP) of two introduced Sonneratia in both study sites also indicated a better adaptation to a low light regime than the native mangrove species. The results of photosynthetic capacities indicated that the introduced mangrove species have little competitive advantage over local native mangrove species in their respective new habitats.     

Seasonal changes in nitrogen and phosphorus transport in the lower Changjiang River before the construction of the Three Gorges Dam

Water and sediment samples were collected at Datong from June 1998 to March 1999 to examine seasonal changes in the transports of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) to the East China Sea (ECS). Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN; dominated by nitrate) concentration exhibited small seasonality, and DIN flux was largely controlled by water discharge. Dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentration was inversely correlated with water discharge, and DIP was evenly delivered throughout a year. The transports of DIN and DIP from the Changjiang River were consistent with seasonal changes in nutrient distributions and P limitation in the Changjiang Estuary and the adjacent ECS. Dissolved organic and particulate N (DON and PN) and P (DOP and PP) varied parallel to water discharge, and were dominantly transported during a summer flood. The fluxes of DOP and particulate bioavailable P (PBAP) were 2.5 and 4 times that of DIP during this period, respectively. PBAP accounted for 12–16% of total particulate P (PP), and was positively correlated with the summation of adsorbed P, Al–P and Fe–P. Ca–P, the major fraction of PP, increased with increasing percent of CaCO₃. The remobilization of riverine DOP and PBAP likely accounted for the summer elevated primary production in DIP-depleted waters in the Changjiang Estuary and the adjacent ECS. The Changjiang River delivered approximately 6% of DIN (1459 × 10⁶ kg), 1% of DIP (12 × 10⁶ kg), and 2% of dissolved organic and particulate N and P to the totals of global rivers. The construction of the Three Gorges Dam might have substantially reduced the particulate nutrient loads, thereby augmenting P limitation in the Changjiang Estuary and ECS.     

GPS测量技术在海阳市城区控制中的应用研究

通过海阳市城区D级GPS控制网的布设,探讨了GPS控制网的布网方法和要求,阐述了GPS外业观测的质量控制措施,基线处理方法及其精度检验,讨论了已知控制点的选用方法,以及平差中应注意的问题等。     

太湖蓝藻水华遥感动态监测预警信息系统

太湖蓝藻水华暴发对其周边地区的生态、经济和社会造成了严重影响,对蓝藻水华进行监测预警对于改善太湖水环境具有重要意义。本文在分析蓝藻水华遥感监测预警研究动态基础上,从信息系统构建角度,结合太湖蓝藻水华监测情况,对太湖蓝藻水华遥感监测预警流程进行系统性分析,提出建立太湖蓝藻水华遥感监测预警系统的总体框架,利用C#语言和IDL语言实现了该框架的软件架构,并且论述了实现该系统框架所采用的系统集成技术和软件模式技术。     

基于GPU的数字影像的正射纠正技术的研究

本文简述了CUDA编程模型高性能并行计算的特性,在实现了基于GPU的数字影像正射纠正的基础上,阐述了基于GPU的加速技术在数字影像处理方面的应用情景.     

基于最小二乘配置法的沿海高程异常模型建立研究

陆海统一高程基准的关键是高程异常模型的建立,本文采用既考虑函数模型中非随机变量同时考虑随机部分的最小二乘配置法进行高程异常的拟合推估,建立区域高程异常模型,并与常用方法进行比较分析.以江苏沿海高程异常模型建立为例,研究得出不同拟合方法的拟合精度和残差图各有特点,最小二乘配置法的外部符合精度最高.     

基于GIS的水资源查询统计软件系统设计与实现

地理信息系统(GIS)因为其强大的空间数据处理能力,为水资源管理提供了一个新颖、高效、具有良好可视化效果的管理与应用工具.在与水资源管理专业人员的多次调研、分析基础上,我们基于自主产权版本的Geo-Windows(地学之窗)GIS软件平台开发了一套水资源管理信息试验系统.该系统充分发挥了地理信息系统所具有的地图图面直观、反应快捷、易操作、查询方便、分析功能强大等功能,使水资源管理工作更趋完善,更具有合理性和科学性,可以为领导的辅助决策提供依据.     

对地勘单位贯彻ISO9000《质量管理和质量保证》系列标准的几点认识

ISO9000系列标准是一套国际统一的质量管理标准,应用的主体内容是质量管理模式(质量体系)的建立与运行。其对地勘单位走向市场,到社会投标、承揽地勘项目,保证地勘工作成果质量,提高单位在地质市场中的信誉度具有十分重要的意义。