用CEOF分析近百年中国东部旱涝的分布及其年际变化特征

通过1850～1991年旱涝百分率的CEOF分析，研究了近百年来中国东部旱涝的分布特征、时空变化特点及年际演变规律。结果表明，我国东部主要有三种旱涝分布类型。第一种类型是以长江流域为中心全国大范围旱或涝，空间位相近似相同，且有10.7年和3.1年周期性变化，振幅强度在1923～1924年间曾发生过增强突变。第二种类型为南北旱涝趋势相反的分布，空间位相自北向南变化显著，且有4.3年周期性变化，振幅强度在1884～1885年间曾有一次减弱突变。第三种类型呈江淮流域与华北和华南旱涝趋势相反的分布，空间位相从南北两个方向向中间或相反方向移动，并有3.4年周期性变化，振幅强度在1911～1912年有过增强突变。     

冻土蠕变过程中结构的CT分析

ＣＴ为非破坏的持续检测和定量描述不同实验条件下试样的内部结构提供了可能，本文利用这一手段观测分析了冻土蠕变过程结构的变化情况，认为冻土蠕变过程中所进行的发育微裂隙、颗粒集合体的破坏以及其它结构缺陷的增生与扩展，制约着土结构的强化与弱化作用，控制着蠕变过程的形态特征，同时还给出了ＣＴ值与物密度和含水量之间的定量关系。     

我国现行抗震设计规范中场地评定方法的比较和评述

目前，我国抗震设计规范中采用的场地评定方法主要有两种：一是建筑抗震设计规范（ＧＢＪ１１－８９）采用的场地分类的方法，一是构筑物抗震设计规范（ＧＢ５０１９１－９３）和电力设施抗震设计规范采用的场地指数法。前者是把场地影响按照场地分类指标划分成若干场地类别，因此，确定的地震荷载是不连续的，跳跃变化的。后者是一种以模糊推论的综合评判方法导出的场地指数为指标进行连续评定的新方法，在这种方法里，场地性质的差     

矿物X射线粉末衍射定性分析检索程序简介

介绍用APPLE-II微型机编制X射线粉末衍射定性分析的检索程序特点和应用效果.     

Lead in corals: reconstruction of historical industrial fluxes to the surface ocean

Twentieth century environmental lead chronologies for the western North Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans have been reconstructed from annually-banded scleractinian corals. Measurements of lattice-bound Pb in sequential coral bands reveal temporal changes in surface water Pb concentrations and Pb isotopic distributions. Perturbations are observable in all specimens studied, attesting to global augmentation of environmental Pb by industrialization.In the western North Atlantic, Pb perturbations have occurred in direct response to the American industrial revolution and the subsequent introduction and phasing-out of alkyl Pb additives in gasoline. Surface ocean conditions near Bermuda may be reliably reconstructed from the coral data via a lead distribution coefficient of 2.3 for the species,Diploria strigosa. Based on²¹⁰Pb measurements, a similar distribution coefficient may be characteristic of corals in general. Surface Pb concentrations in the pre-industrial Sargasso Sea were about 15–20 pM. Concentrations rose to near 90 pM by 1923 as a result of metals manufacture and fossil fuel combustion. Beginning in the late 1940's, increased utilization of leaded gasoline eventually led to a peak concentration of 240 pM in 1971, representing an approximate 15-fold increase over background. Surface ocean concentrations are presently declining rapidly (128 pM in 1984) as a result of curtailed alkyl Pb usage. Lead isotopic shifts parallel the concentration record indicating that characteristic industrial and alkyl Pb source signatures have not changed appreciably in time. Industrial releases recorded in the Florida Keys reflect a weaker source and evidence of recirculated Pb (5–6 years old) from the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. An inferred background concentration of 38 pM suggests influence of shelf and/or resuspended inputs of Pb to these coastal waters.In remote areas of the South Pacific and Indian Oceans, industrial signals are fainter and the corals studied much younger than their Atlantic counterparts. Contemporary Pb concentrations implied by coral measurements (assumingK_D = 2.3) are 40–50 pM for surface waters near Tutuila and Galapagos in the South Pacific, and 25–29 pM near Mauritius in the Indian Ocean. A single coral band from Fiji (1920 ± 5yr) implies a pre-industrial surface water concentration of 16–19 pM Pb for the South Pacific. In view of reported surface water measurements and the North Atlantic coral data, the Pacific coral extrapolations may be slightly high. This could be a result of small variations inK_D among different coral genera, or incorporation of diagenetic Pb by corals sampled in coastal environments.     

锡矿体变化特征及其勘探意义

本文通过勘探变量的统计得分法以及聚类和特征分析法,将矿体变化性按成因分为四类.按不同的取样观测方法,将矿体变化性分为群体的、单体的和局部的三类,并以实例说明上述分类在矿体预测和勘探中的实际应用.     

A study of234U/238U ratios in groundwaters of Taiyuan area,Shanxi Province

Uranium contents and²³⁴U/²³⁸U ratios have been determined on 29 water samples from the Taiyuan area, Shanxi Province. The results show that the same artesian aquifer has similar uranium contents and²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratios, and the deeper aquifers have higher A. R. values but lower uranium contents. The A. R. values increase slightly towards groundwater flow in the artesian aquifers dominated by oxidizing ground waters. The Lancun Spring and the famous Jinci Spring belong to two different karst groundwater systems, i.e., the east and west karst groundwater systems. The recharge area of the Lancun Spring should cover the wide limestone outcrops of middle Ordovician in the northeast. The Ordovician fissure-karst ground water to the Jinci Spring is extensively mixed with fissure water in Carboniferous-Jurassic formations and seepage water from the Fenhe River.     

华北强震孕育的地震活动性

通过对华北第四活跃期高潮期强震发生前中小地震的时、空、强分布图象的研究,发现每次七级以上强震发生前区域地震活动都经历过一个类似的阶段性变化过程,我们称为强震孕育阶段过程。华北地震活动高潮期就是由若干个这样的孕震过程所组成。华北强震孕育过程都可以划分为三个不同的时期,即预备期(A期)、激进期(B期)、逼震期(C期)。这三个时期地震活动具有的特点和某些规律性反映了华北地下介质应力应变的变化过程与现有的破裂机制概念相一致。因此认为强震的孕育不仅取块于区域应力场的作用,而且与区域内中小地震活动的变化和进程密切相关,同时提出一个简单的孕震模式——“阻导模式”。     

新安江流域上空云内外巨盐核的分布

1979—1980年6—7月份在新安江流域上空进行了云内外巨盐核的观测,得到:(1)大气中云内外的巨盐核浓度分布都与天气背景有关;(2)云内巨盐核浓度大于同高度上的云外巨盐核浓度,不同云内巨盐核浓度和谱型不一样;(3)云内巨盐核浓度要比小云滴少两个量级,因此巨盐核作为凝结核,对形成小云滴的贡献是很小的。