鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地地区致密砂岩石英溶解作用及其对优质储集层的影响

储集层孔隙成因机制是致密砂岩储集层评价和预测必须解决的基本问题。本文以储集层微观分析为基础,对鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田石炭-二叠系致密砂岩储集层孔隙成因类型及其和优质储集层成因的关系进行了研究。结果表明,研究区致密砂岩储集层中碎屑石英颗粒存在明显的直接溶解现象,并形成了以石英溶解为主的储集空间类型,这种石英溶解是碱性成岩环境作用的结果,致密砂岩储集层的发育程度仍然和孔隙度以及组分的溶解作用有密切关系,碱不稳定矿物的溶蚀量一般为1%~23%,石英溶解型孔隙对储集层孔隙的贡献率一般可以达到60%~90%,碱溶蚀量达到5%以上时有利于优质储集层的形成;石英溶解作用较强的位置主要是颗粒边部的粒间孔隙周围,这种类型的溶解形成于储集层经历较强的压实成岩改造之后,所形成的溶解孔隙在后期的持续性压实过程中损失程度较低;石英溶解作用的强弱决定了储集层物性的最终发育程度以及优质储集层的形成。     

河北平原中西部中更新世非海相沉积体系魏县组的建立

基于对河北平原中西部两个第四系标准钻孔的岩石地层、磁性地层、生物环境及气候地层、年代地层和化学地层等的综合对比研究,参考已有的大量水文地质钻孔资料,在分析前人研究资料的基础上,重新建立了中更新世魏县组。魏县HZK1孔孔深500.74 m,全孔平均岩心采取率90.55%,古地磁B/M界线为105.00 m;辛集市XZK1孔孔深502.71 m,全孔平均岩心采取率90.20%,古地磁B/M界线为133.45 m。新建立的魏县组底界在古地磁B/M界线附近,年龄约0.78 Ma,该组顶界的光释光(OSL)年龄在108.1~155.7 ka之间。古地磁与OSL年龄均表明该组形成于中更新世。进一步依据孢粉组合、气候与环境旋回性演变造成不同的岩石组合等特征,将其划分为上、中、下三段,并对各段的形成时代进行了讨论。魏县组可作为河北平原中西部中更新世非海相沉积体系的代表岩石地层组。     

河南省农作物虚拟水含量时空分异特征

在GIS技术的支持下,通过对1978—2013年河南省冬小麦、夏玉米、花生、棉花、油料作物、蔬菜6种主要农作物虚拟水量的计算与分析,探讨了其时空分异规律。河南省6种农作物单位质量虚拟水量在不断下降的趋势下有波动,2003年出现峰值,与当年大旱、所有农作物大面积减产有关;在农作物类型中,棉花单位质量虚拟水含量最高,多年平均值达到8 077.4 m3/t,蔬菜最低,多年平均值仅为159.95 m3/t。6种作物的虚拟水含量在空间分布上有明显差异,按其2013年的产量进行加权分析得到,第一等级区域为三门峡、郑州、信阳,第二等级为平顶山、洛阳、济源、开封,第三等级为南阳、驻马店、新乡、鹤壁、安阳、濮阳,第四等级为漯河,最低为许昌、周口、商丘、焦作。从整体看,西部、南部虚拟水含量高,而北部、东部虚拟水含量低。     

黔北务-正-道铝土矿床矿物学特征研究

黔北务—正—道铝土矿集区为黔中—渝南铝土矿成矿带的重要组成部分,是贵州省主要的铝土矿成矿区带之一。含矿岩系为中二叠统梁山组,矿床成因属古风化壳沉积型。矿石化学成分分析显示,土状、碎屑状铝土矿中Al2O3含量较高,Al2O3/ SiO2值大,质量好,而豆鲕状、致密块状铝土矿中Al2O3含量较低,Al2O3/ SiO2值小,质量较差。显微观察、粉晶衍射和电子探针分析表明,铝土矿石中主要矿物为一水硬铝石、勃姆石和粘土矿物,其中一水硬铝石多为短柱、半自形-自形晶体,呈集合体分布,粘土矿物以高岭石为主,呈孤岛、残留环状产出,其次见伊利石、蒙托石、绿泥石等,副矿物有黄铁矿、磁铁矿、长石、石英、金红石、锆石、锐钛矿、方解石和白云石等。铝土岩中主要矿物为粘土矿物,以高岭石为主,其它矿物和铝土矿相似。铝土矿石的主要元素Al2O3、SiO2、TFe2O3 和TiO2含量之和大于83%,烧失量小于14%,而铝土岩的Al2O3、SiO2、TFe2O3 和TiO2含量之和小于80%,烧失量大于15%。可见铝土矿和铝土岩在主要矿物组成和主要组分总量上具有明显差异。结合以往研究资料,本文解析铝土矿形成过程为韩家店组砂页岩(成矿母岩)在适宜的气候条件下,经风化、淋滤等作用,形成富集Al、Ti等惰性元素的风化残积物和以高岭石为主的粘土矿物,随后被迁移、搬运至河湖盆地环境中,在沉积分过程中粘土矿物不断脱硅、去铁、富铝,形成铝土岩层,经埋深压实、成岩成矿作用后进一步脱硅、去铁、富铝,最终在中二叠世形成以一水硬铝石为主的铝土矿工业矿体。     

A new insight into the contribution of environmental conditions to tropical cyclone activities

The changes of tropical cyclone (TC) activities in response to influencing environmental conditions have been paid more and more attention to in recent years. The potential contributions of single and multivariate environmental variables to annual TC frequency and intensity from 1970 to 2009 are investigated in this study. Instead of using correlation coefficient that assumes a set of samples satisfying the normal distribution, a quantitative measurement is formulated based on the information theory. The results show that dynamic environmental variables play an important role in variations of TC activities over the western North Pacific, North Atlantic, and eastern Pacific. These dynamic factors include wind shear between 850 and 200 hPa and 850-hPa relative vorticity. However, the effects of thermal factors on TC activities are distinct over different basins. The thermal environmental variables only have significant contributions to TC frequency and intensity over the eastern Pacific as well as to TC frequency over the North Atlantic. It is found that the primary factors influencing TC activities are indeed not the same over different basins because of the differences in atmospheric conditions and their changes across different areas. The effects of dynamic variables should be considered more in the regions such as the western North Pacific where the thermal conditions are always satisfied.     

Diagnostics of subseasonal prediction biases of the Asian summer monsoon by the NCEP climate forecast system

Biases of subseasonal prediction of the Asian summer monsoon are diagnosed using daily data from the hindcasts of 45-day integrations by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System version 2. The retrospective forecasts often show apparent systematic biases, which are mostly represented by the underestimation of the whole Asian monsoon. Biases depend not only on lead time, but also on the stage of monsoon evolution. An abrupt turning point of bias development appears around late June and early July, when ensemble spread and bias growth of winds and precipitation show a significant change over the northwestern Pacific (NWP) and the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) region. The abrupt turning of bias development of winds, precipitation, and surface temperature is also captured by the first two modes of multivariate empirical orthogonal function analysis. Several features appear associated with the abrupt change in bias development: the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) begins its first northward jump and the surface temperature over the Tibetan Plateau commences a transition from warm bias to cold bias, and a reversal of surface temperature biases occurs in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean and the SASM region. The shift of WPSH position and the transition of surface thermal bias show close relationships with the formation of bias centers in winds and precipitation. The rapid growth in bias due to the strong internal atmospheric variability during short leads seems to mainly account for the weak WPSH and SASM in the model. However, at certain stages, particularly for longer-lead predictions, the biases of slowly varying components may also play an important role in bias development of winds and precipitation.     

Influence of springtime North Atlantic Oscillation on crops yields in Northeast China

Forecasting grain production is of strategic importance in considerations of climate change and growing population. Here we show that the springtime North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is significantly correlated to the year-to-year increment of maize and rice yield in Northeast China (NEC). The physical mechanism for this relationship was investigated. Springtime NAO can induce sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the North Atlantic, which display a tripole pattern and are similar to the empirical mode pattern in spring. The spring Atlantic SSTA pattern that could persists to summer, can trigger a high-level tropospheric Rossby wave response in the Eurasia continent, resulting in atmospheric circulation anomalies over the Siberia-Mongolia region, which is unfavorable (favorable) for cold surges that affect NEC. Weaker (stronger) cold surges can accordingly reduce (increase) cloud amount, resulting in an increase (a decrease) in daily maximum temperature and a decrease (an increase) in daily minimum temperature, thereby leading to an increase (a decrease) in diurnal temperature range. And summer-mean daily minimum temperature and diurnal temperature range are most significantly related to the NEC crop yields.     

A note on climate change adaptation for seaports: a challenge for global ports, a challenge for global society

With 80 % of world trade carried by sea, seaports provide crucial linkages in global supply-chains and are essential for the ability of all countries to access global markets. Seaports are likely to be affected directly and indirectly by climatic changes, with broader implications for international trade and development. Due to their coastal location, seaports are particularly vulnerable to extreme weather events associated with increasing sea levels and tropical storm activity, as illustrated by hurricane “Sandy”. In view of their strategic role as part of the globalized trading system, adapting ports in different parts of the world to the impacts of climate change is of considerable importance. Reflecting the views of a diverse group of stakeholders with expertise in climate science, engineering, economics, policy, and port management, this essay highlights the climate change challenge for ports and suggests a way forward through the adoption of some initial measures. These include both “soft” and “hard” adaptations that may be spearheaded by individual port entities, but will require collaboration and support from a broad range of public and private sector stakeholders and from society at large. In particular, the essay highlights a need to shift to more holistic planning, investment and operation.