What we have learned about the Martian magnetic field

The evidence is presented for the existence of the magnetic field of the planet Mars and for the effectiveness of the dipolar part of the field as an obstacle to the solar wind at the most frequent parameters of the latter. The dipolar magnetic moment of Mars is (1.5–2.20 × 10²² G cm³. The dipole axis makes an angle i15 with the rotation axis of the panel. The magnetic north pole of Mars is located in its southern hemisphere.In terms of the precession dynamo model, the magnetic fields of the Earth and Mars are similar. This indicates that the Martian magnetic field is associated with the present-day dynamo-process in the Martian liquid core.     

The symmetric tensor field in the relativistic theory of gravitation

The system of a self-gravitating scalar field is frequently used in inflationary cosmological models. In the present paper we study a more complicated system containing an extra linear tensor field _ik=_ki with minimal coupling. We determine five of the six free parameters that occur in the most general expression for the actionS of this field. In doing so we assume that in flat space-time the field _ik must be invariant under gauge transformations. In a special case theS found becomes a known expression for the action of a massless tensor field _ik. We compute the metric energy-momentum tensor that determines the contribution of _ik to the Einstein equations. We also exhibit the equations of motion of _ik in curved space-time.Translated fromAstrofizika, Vol. 38, No. 3, 1995.     

结合水对海积软土流变性质的影响

海积软土的变形和强度性质与时间有明显的相关性，其原因之一是其中含量较多的结合水。土在一定压力下先排出自由水，然后是结合水，结合水膜厚度发生改变。压力改变结合水膜厚度，引起粘滞系数改变。通过剪切增变试验得到了粘滞系数与压力呈线性关系。研究粘滞系数与压力之间关系对修正或建立较为符合实际的本构模型有一定意义。     

Physical parameters of multiple systems like the trapezium of early spectral types, derived fromuvbyβ photometry. II

The effective temperatures T_eff, gravitational force g at the stellar surface, and Fe/H have been calculated for 50 components of 15 Trapezia of early spectral types from electrophotometric observations in the six-color uvbyβ photometric system. The results of the calculation showed that the log T_eff of Trapezia components lie in the range 4.03–4.54, while their log g lie in the range 2.58–4.02. The atmospheric parameters T_eff and g were used to determine the stars’ masses and ages based on Hejlesen’s calculated evolutionary model sequences. All the Trapezia components have several times more mass than the sun and almost half of them have over 10 times that mass. Over 70% of the components are less than 40.10⁶ years old. Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 41. No. 2. pp. 235–244, April-June, 1998.     

A new approach to the theory with variable gravitational constant

A theory with variable gravitational constant, based on the bimetric formulation of general relativity, is suggested. It is in agreement with the Newtonian and post-Newtonian approximations of the theory of gravitation when the theory parameter ||4×10^–6. The statical spherical-symmetric distribution of gravitating masses is investigated. It is shown that the total action (including the own gravitational field of the system)S=–M, where is the time in the remote system of reference, relative to which the celestial body is in rest. In the Brans-Dicke theory ||1 andS–M. The Tolman formula for the massM in the Einstein theory is also valid in the suggestedGeneralized Bimetric Theory of Gravitation. External analytical and internal numerical solutions of the field equations are found for the case of incompressible matter. It is shown that static and supermassive configurations may exist if –0.13<0.     

Conditions and mechanisms of origination of gravitational instability in layered bulk-elastic geomasses

Various geophysical processes which can lead to the origination of gravitational instability of the Rayleigh-Taylor type in layered bulk-elastic geomasses are analyzed. The analysis is based on obtained by the authors general results of theoretical study of two-layer systems of heavy bulk-elastic materials which are arbitrarily stratified over depth and occupy domains of arbitrary shape. Additionally some presented in a number of recent publications erroneous assertions related to considered issues of stability, are criticized.     

Recognition of disturbances with specified morphology in time series: Part 2. Spikes on 1-s magnetograms

Preliminary magnetograms contain different types of temporal anthropogenic disturbances: spikes, baseline jumps, drifts, etc. These disturbances should be identified and filtered out during the preprocessing of the preliminary records for the definitive data. As of now, at the geomagnetic observatories, such filtering is carried out manually. Most of the disturbances in the records sampled every second are spikes, which are much more abundant than those on the magnetograms sampled every minute. Another important feature of the 1-s magnetograms is the presence of a plenty of specific disturbances caused by short-period geomagnetic pulsations, which must be retained in the definitive records. Thus, creating an instrument for formalized and unified recognition of spikes on the preliminary 1-s magnetograms would largely solve the problem of labor-consuming manual preprocessing of the magnetic records. In the context of this idea, in the present paper, we focus on recognition of the spikes on the 1-s magnetograms as a key point of the problem. We describe here the new algorithm of pattern recognition, SPs, which is capable of automatically identifying the spikes on the 1-s magnetograms with a low probability of missed events and false alarms. The algorithm was verified on the real magnetic data recorded at the French observatory located on Easter Island in the Pacific.     

An experimental study in the structure of convective flows of magma melts in a complete system: Mantle chamber-intermediate chamber-volcano

A continuous interrelationship of melts in intermediate and mantle chambers is found by experiment. The interrelationship occurs due to the presence of two melt counter currents within the supply channel (conduit) of the intermediate chamber. In the upper part of the intermediate chamber horizontal rolling flows are found to go from the center to the periphery and backward horizontal flows over the entire bottom of the intermediate chamber travel from the periphery to the center (the conduit), then become an annular descending flow. Due to thermal interaction with the central ascending flow, the annular descending flow heats and becomes undersaturated relative to precipitated crystals, thus excluding encrustation of the conduit walls. The mechanism of continuous interaction between the melts in the mantle and intermediate chambers provides a quasisteady-state of the system irrespective of volcanic activity. It is thought that horizontal layering in large basic intrusives forms similarly to the described process of development and accumulation of cumulus at the bottom of the intermediate chamber.     

Distribution and expression in vitro and in vivo of DNA vaccine against lymphocystis disease virus in Japanese flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus)

Lymphocystis disease,caused by the lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV),is a significant worldwide problem in fish industry causing substantial economic losses.In this study,we aimed to develop the DNA vaccine against LCDV,using DNA vaccination technology.We evaluated plasmid pEGFP-N2-LCDV1.3 kb as a DNA vaccine candidate.The plasmid DNA was transiently expressed after liposome transfection into the eukaryotic COS 7 cell line.The distribution and expression of the DNA vaccine (pEGFP-N2-LCDV1.3kb) were also ana...