The ties between recent crustal movements and fault tectonics in the Caraptho-Balkan region

To identify the faults controlling the intensity of recent tectonic processes in the region and to study their geometry and dynamics, one of the variants of the statistical method was used-trend analysis. The map of recent vertical crustal movements in the Carpatho-Balkan region (1:2.000.000) published in Budapest in 1979 was used as initial data for establishing these faults.     

Structural state and differusion of impurities in natural quartz of different genesis

Impurity inhomogeneities and other structural defects have been studied by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray microanalysis and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in untreated and heat-treated quartz samples of three genetic types: hydrothermal, pegmatitic and magmatic. The impurities present are Al, Na and H₂O, which occupy tetrahedral (Al³⁺) or interstitial (Na⁺, H₂O) positions in the quartz lattice. Impurities form imperfections of various degrees of segregation: from point defects to micropores with a gas-liquid content. Their size, form, density and distribution in the lattice depend on the formation conditions of the quartz, the presence of dislocations and plane defects serving as sinks for the impurity atoms, and the heat treatment regime. Experimental data indicate that gas-liquid inclusions of dimensions up to some microns are the result of impurity segregation during postcrystallizational cooling. Crystalline quartz amorphizes upon electron irradiation. A model of structural water explaining experimentally observed features of this phenomenon is proposed whereby the water molecule, represented as a dipole, enters microregions of the silica lattice with a high impurity content and there forms a bond between ‘defective’ [SiO₃]^2? and [AlO₄]^5? tetrahedra. On irradiation, the Si---O donor-acceptor bonds trap nonelastically scattered electrons and are ruptured as a result. The water released by this lattice discontinuity forms microbubbles that diffuse along sinks into the larger micropores thus further increasing their volume.     

Lithology and conditions of the formation of Paleozoic rocks in northern areas of the Scythian Plate

The Paleozoic sequence recovered during the prospecting for oil and gas in different areas of the Scythian Plate is composed of terrigenous rocks (sandstones, siltstones, silty pelites, mudstones, shales, and phyllites) of different stages of alteration varying from late catagenesis to initial metamorphism. Their investigation allowed us to refine the sedimentation environment during different Carboniferous and Permian epochs at the southern margin of the East European Craton.     

一次梅雨锋暴雨过程中多尺度能量相互作用的研究II.实际应用

本文利用中国自动站与CMORPH（Climate Prediction Center Morphing technique for the production of global precipitation estimates）融合的逐时降水量0.1°网格数据集资料挑选出一次典型的梅雨锋暴雨个例,运用WRF中小尺度模式进行模拟,对模拟得到的高分辨率结果进行Barnes滤波,最后将滤波结果代入动能和位能方程中,目的是定量地分析各个尺度能量的变化以及它们之间的相互作用对暴雨强度的影响。研究发现:模式模拟的降水过程和强度与实况较为吻合,推导的能量方程适用于这次暴雨过程。三种尺度能量之间的相互作用包含了各种跨尺度能量的相互作用。在整个暴雨过程中,跨尺度之间的斜压能量转换包括位能向动能的能量转换和动能向位能的能量转换。同尺度之间的斜压能量转换总是单向的,且量值较大,动能的强度主要靠位能向动能的能量转换来维持。斜压能量转换的多少影响着暴雨的强弱。大尺度斜压能量转换在中高层比较强,中尺度斜压能量转换在低层较强,尤以β中小尺度系统变化最为显著,β中小尺度系统扰动是影响暴雨强度的关键系统。风切变的大小影响各尺度动能之间的能量转换。温度或位温梯度的大小影响各尺度位能之间的能量转换。位能与动能之间的能量转换主要与各尺度垂直速度和温度的垂直分布有关,暖空气上升冷空气下沉是各个尺度位能向动能转换的主要过程。     

The norm of the position shift of a celestial body upon variation of its orbit

A precise estimate of the variation of the position of a celestial body in the case of small variations of the elements of its orbit is obtained using an Euclidean (mean-square) norm for the deviation in the position. A relatively simple expression for the mean-square deviation of the radius vector dr in terms of the deviations of the elements is derived. These are taken to be first-order small quantitites, with second-order quantities neglected. This relation is applied to estimate the norm ||dr|| in two problems. In the first one, small and constant differences between six orbital elements (including the mean anomaly) are considered for two orbits. In the second one, a zero-mass point moves under the gravitation of a central body and a small perturbing acceleration F. The vector F is taken to be constant in a co-moving coordinate system with axes directed along the radius vector, the transversal, and the binormal vector. In this latter problem, dr is the difference between the position vectors in the osculating and mean orbit. The norm ||dr||² is the weighted sum of the squares of the components of F, neglecting higher-order small quantities. The coefficients of the quadratic form depend only on the semi-major axis and the eccentricity of the mean orbit. The results are applied to the motion of a small asteroid under the action of a low-thrust engine imparting a small force.     

薄荷醇对仿刺参幼参的麻醉效果

为确立一种准确测量仿刺参体长的方法,选用薄荷醇(menthol)为麻醉剂,在不同麻醉浓度条件下,观察了对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)幼参的麻醉反应,同时比较了在不同水温(11、13、15、17、19、21℃)环境条件下对不同规格((L)42.37 g±1.99 g、(M)22.91 g±1.03 g、(S)12.09 g±1.51g)幼参的麻醉效果。结果显示:当薄荷醇浓度在4%以内时对仿刺参具有良好的麻醉效果,麻醉起效迅速,复苏率为100%;在麻醉体积分数为0.25%、0.5%、1%时,对大规格幼参麻醉时间及复苏时间影响显著,而对中小规格影响不显著;水温11~19℃时,随着温度的升高,仿刺参幼参的麻醉时间从15.62 min±1.31 min缩短到12.17 min±0.21 min,但复苏时间从13.61 min±4.85 min显著增加到28.10 min±7.35 min,不同水温下薄荷醇对仿刺参幼参的麻醉效果差异显著(P0.05),当水温超过21℃时幼参麻醉状态出现异常,不适宜进行麻醉。研究表明:薄荷醇是一种对仿刺参安全有效的麻醉剂,在水温11~21℃进行测量体长的实验中,对体质量20 g以上的幼参适宜的麻醉体积分数为0.5%~1%,对体质量20 g以下的幼参适宜的麻醉体积分数为0.25%~0.5%。     

薄荷醇麻醉剥离参苗与玻璃海鞘分离的研究

在刺参苗种工厂化生产期间,以体积浓度为0.1%~0.5%薄荷醇作为麻醉剂,通过对玻璃海鞘和不同规格参苗进行麻醉剥离实验,研究参苗与敌害生物——玻璃海鞘分离的效果,从而达到高效清除玻璃海鞘的目的。结果表明:薄荷醇溶液对玻璃海鞘无剥离和杀除的作用效果;大规格(0.58 g±0.05 g)刺参选用浓度0.4%~0.5%薄荷醇溶液麻醉20 min,中规格(0.32 g±0.05 g)刺参选用浓度0.2%~0.5%薄荷醇溶液麻醉20min,小规格(0.17 g±0.01 g)刺参选用浓度0.4%~0.5%薄荷醇溶液麻醉10min以及选用浓度0.1%~0.3%薄荷醇溶液麻醉20 min,抖动脱落率均可达90%以上,麻醉剥离效果显著。麻醉剥离后的刺参经1h的恢复即可达到自然状态,营正常活动附着,无排脏或化皮等不良应激反应。因此,采用薄荷醇麻醉剥离参苗可为安全高效清除玻璃海鞘及分苗的生产环节提供省工省力、高效便捷的方法。     

Estimating the trends and variability of atmospheric action centers over the Asian-Pacific region in summer in 1950–1979 and 1980–2012

The trend significance and the residual variability of integral atmospheric characteristics in the atmospheric action centers in the Asian-Pacific region in summer in 1950-1979 and 1980-2012 are computed. Basic differences are revealed between trends in circulation and residual variability in the atmo spheric action centers in the surface pressure field and in the field of geopotential H ₅₀₀ for these time periods. Increase in significant trends for the whole period and decrease in residual variability were found in the area of the Asian low in 1980-2012. A significant trend was observed in June and September in the area of the Hawaiian high. The summer Far Eastern low has intensified in recent years. The Okhotsk high strengthened in May and weakened in June, August, and September in the 2000s.