Effect of Dust Extinction on Gamma-ray Burst Afterglows

In order to study the effect of dust extinction on the afterglow of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), we carry out numerical calculations with high precision based on the rigorous Mie theory and the latest optical properties of interstellar dust grains, and analyze the different extinction curves produced by dust grains with different physical parameters. Our results indicate that the absolute extinction quantity is substantially determined by the medium density and metallicity. However, the shape of the extinction curve is mainly determined by the size distribution of the dust grains. If the dust grains aggregate to form larger ones, they will cause a flatter or grayer extinction curve with lower extinction quantity. On the contrary, if the dust grains are disassociated to smaller ones due to some uncertain processes, they will cause a steeper extinction curve with larger amount of extinction. These results might provide an important insight into understanding the origin of the optically dark GRBs.     

尘埃消光对伽玛射线暴余辉的影响

为了研究尘埃消光对伽玛射线暴余辉的影响,基于严格的Mie理论和最新的星际尘埃光学性质,进行了高精度的数值计算,并分析具有不同物理参数的尘埃所产生的消光曲线.结果表明,介质密度和金属丰度是决定消光总量的主要物理参数,而尘埃颗粒大小的分布则是产生不同消光曲线轮廓的重要物理参数.如果尘埃颗粒相互聚集形成导致尺度增大,将产生较平或者较灰的消光曲线,同时绝对总量将减少;相反,如果尘埃颗粒由于某种原因发生离解导致尺度变小,将产生较陡的消光曲线,同时消光总量将增加.这些结果将对理解光学暗暴的形成机制提供重要的启示.     

PMBP萃取分离桑色素荧光法测定地质样品中痕量钪

在磺基水杨酸存在下,以1-苯基-3-甲基-4-苯酰基吡唑酮-5(PMBP)萃取,5％HBr反萃取,桑色素荧光法可灵敏、快速、准确地测定地质样品中痕量Sc。λ_(ex)为420nm,λ_(em)为500nm,测定下限为0.02μg/ml,0—8μg Sc/10ml同相对荧光强度呈线性。     

水封式巷道瓦斯抽放技术探讨

为降低矿井瓦斯含量,依据瓦斯难溶于水的性质,提出水封式巷道抽放瓦斯技术。某矿井瓦斯抽放实例显示,水封式抽放密闭性好,瓦斯抽放浓度高(达95%),且抽放量大(该矿累计抽采瓦斯2.8×109m3)。预抽后,矿井的绝对瓦斯涌出量由40 m3/min降为24.27 m3/min,相对瓦斯涌出量由12 m3/t降为6.9 m3/t,使高瓦斯矿井变为低瓦斯矿井。该技术真正实现了煤与瓦斯共采,有效解决了瓦斯治理难题,其安全效益、经济效益和社会效益显著。     

甘肃省文县阳山特大型金矿床地质特征及控矿因素分析

阳山金矿位于川陕甘交界地带，为近年发现的一特大微细浸染型金矿床，该矿目前已发现4个矿段，均赋存于泥盆系中，矿体在平面上呈舒缓波状，在剖面上为脉冲，似层状，矿石中金属矿物主要为黄铁矿和毒砂，金主要以微细粒金（2～3μm）包裹于毒砂，黄铁矿等矿物之中，矿石中As、Sb及有机碳含量较高，矿带受安昌河一观音坝断裂带控制，矿体产于断裂带内的次级断裂中，泥盆系三河口群粉砂质千枚岩渗透性较好，且碳质含量，金丰度值较高，是矿区最有利的赋矿层位；矿体在时间、时间上与侏罗纪早期岩浆活动密切相关，稳定同位素分析了表明成矿作用与岩浆活动有关，所以，该矿为受构造直接控制的，与沉积作用和岩浆活动有成因联系的金矿床。     

柴达木盆地三湖地区生物气横向运聚成藏研究

本文系统研究了地层水盐度对微生物菌生长发育的制约，矿化度对生物气在地层水中溶解度的影响，泥岩盖层中高矿化度地层水对封盖性能的控制作用。柴达木盆地三湖（台吉乃尔湖，涩聂湖，达布逊湖）地区主要受南缘昆仑山冰雪溶水的补给，地层水从南向北运移，北斜坡第四系地层水的矿化度最高，北斜坡泻水-汇水区高盐度条件下生物菌的活跃程度受到抑制，影响生物气大量生成并从水中游离出来，中央凹陷及其南部低矿化度条件下更适宜生物气的生成，生物气在地层水中的溶解度随矿化度的增高明显降低，南缘低矿化度水中饱含的生物气经地层水从南向北携带，在北斜坡高矿化度条件上大量游离出来，实验测试证明泥岩饱和高矿化度地层水时，其突破压力增加约100倍，封盖性能大大提高，有效地保存了北斜坡游离相生物气，研究显示生物气总体上具有向北斜坡以水溶气方式进行横向运聚的特征，展示了北斜坡气源补给充足，具有满坡含气的巨大勘探潜力。结合生物气本身的发育特征和三湖地区的水文地质条件，提出了生物所首先以水溶气方式发生远距离的横向运移以后再以游离相进行垂向运聚成藏，这一结论对下一步三湖地区生物气勘探具有直接的指导意义。     

减缓气候变化的最新科学认知

 摘 要：2007年5月4日，IPCC第三工作组在泰国曼谷发布了第四次评估报告《气候变化2007：减缓气候变化》的决策者摘要及主报告。报告综合评估了2001年以来有关减缓气候变化的最新研究成果，考察分析了中短期（2030年前）和长期（2030年后）温室气体的排放情景、减排潜力、成本范围，以及稳定大气温室气体（GHG）浓度水平的可能选择。报告总体认为，未来温室气体排放取决于发展路径的选择，现有各种技术手段和许多在2030年以前具有市场可行性的低碳和减排技术，将以较低的成本实现有效减排；在2030年以后将温室气体浓度稳定在较低水平的成本并不高，但需要国际合作，采取一致行动，并认为可持续发展与温室气体减排可以相互促进。     

霍夫变换在卫星云图异常数据检测中的应用

由于噪声与干扰的存在,导致卫星云图接收过程中产生丢线、马赛克等异常数据。依靠人工进行检测与统计,不仅工作效率低,准确性也得不到保证。研究基于霍夫变换的卫星云图异常数据的检测方法,并且结合其分布特点,针对卫星云图实时性要求高、传统霍夫变换运算量大的问题对边缘检测算子检测方向进行了优化,试验结果表明可以有效提高30%的运算速度。实现对卫星云图异常数据的准确定位与快速检测,对于日后排查干扰源,进一步提高卫星云图接收质量具有重要意义。     

The impact of microphysical schemes on hurricane intensity and track

During the past decade, both research and operational numerical weather prediction models [e.g. the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF)] have started using more complex microphysical schemes originally developed for high-resolution cloud resolving models (CRMs) with 1–2 km or less horizontal resolutions. WRF is a next-generation meso-scale forecast model and assimilation system. It incorporates a modern software framework, advanced dynamics, numerics and data assimilation techniques, a multiple moveable nesting capability, and improved physical packages. WRF can be used for a wide range of applications, from idealized research to operational forecasting, with an emphasis on horizontal grid sizes in the range of 1–10 km. The current WRF includes several different microphysics options. At NASA Goddard, four different cloud microphysics options have been implemented into WRF. The performance of these schemes is compared to those of the other microphysics schemes available in WRF for an Atlantic hurricane case (Katrina). In addition, a brief review of previous modeling studies on the impact of microphysics schemes and processes on the intensity and track of hurricanes is presented and compared against the current Katrina study. In general, all of the studies show that microphysics schemes do not have a major impact on track forecasts but do have more of an effect on the simulated intensity. Also, nearly all of the previous studies found that simulated hurricanes had the strongest deepening or intensification when using only warm rain physics. This is because all of the simulated precipitating hydrometeors are large raindrops that quickly fall out near the eye-wall region, which would hydrostatically produce the lowest pressure. In addition, these studies suggested that intensities become unrealistically strong when evaporative cooling from cloud droplets and melting from ice particles are removed as this results in much weaker downdrafts in the simulated storms. However, there are many differences between the different modeling studies, which are identified and discussed.