Characteristics and distributions of humic acids in two soil profiles of the southwest China Karst area

Characteristics and distributions of humic acid (HA) and soil organic matter (SOM) in a yellow soil profile and a limestone soil profile of the southwest China Karst area were systematically investigated to reveal their evolutions in different soils of the study area. The results showed that characteristics and distribution of SOM along the two soil profiles were notably different. Total organic carbon (TOC) contents of soil samples decreased just slightly along the limestone soil profile but sharply along the yellow soil profile. TOCs of the limestone soils were significantly higher than those of the corresponding yellow soils, and C/N ratios of SOMs showed a similar variation trend to that of TOCs, indicating that SOM can be better conserved in the limestone soil than in the yellow soil. The soil humic acids were exhaustively extracted and further fractionated according to their apparent molecular weights using ultrafiltration techniques to explore underlying conservation mechanisms. The result showed that C/N ratios of HAs from different limestone soil layers were relatively stable and that large molecular HA fractions predominated the bulk HA of the top soil, indicating that HA in the limestone profile was protected while bio and chemical degradations were retarded. Combined with organic elements contents and mineral contents of two soils, we concluded that high calcium contents in limestone soils may play a key role in SOM conservation by forming complexation compounds with HAs or/and enclosing SOMs with hypergene CaCO₃ precipitation.     

New index of ferromanganese crusts reflecting oceanic environmental oxidation

Ferromanganese crusts (hereinafter crusts) form in aerobic environment and the environmental oxida-tion degree is recorded by the redox sensitive element Co in the crusts. The ages of the layers from the surface to bottom of the crusts are determined, and main element contents at high resolution along the depth sections of three crusts from the Pacific Ocean are analyzed by an electron microprobe. Thus the variations of Co/(Fe Mn) and Co/(Ni Cu) with age/depth of the crust layers are obtained. By comparing the ratios of Co/(Fe Mn) and Co/(Ni Cu) with the δ 18O curves of the Pacific benthic foraminifera, we find that these two ratios can reflect the variation of the environmental oxidation state under which the crust layers deposit. The evolution of the oxidation degree reflected by the two indexes resembles the evo-lution of temperature since the Oligocene reflected by the δ 18O curves of the Pacific benthic foraminif-era. This suggests that the crust-forming environment after the Oligocene is controlled mainly by the oxygen-rich bottom water originated from the Antarctic bottom water (AABW). However it is not the case prior to the Oligocene. Furthermore it suggests that the environmental oxidation degree controls the formation of the crusts and the Co contents in the crusts. This explains why the Co contents in the crusts increase with time up to now.     

Microbiotic crusts and their interrelations with environmental factors in the Gurbantonggut desert,western China

Located in the Junggar Basin in Xinjiang, the Gurbantonggut Desert is the second largest desert in China. Microbiotic crusts consisting of animalcule, lichen, moss, and algae species develop extensively in the region. Their formation, species composition and distribution pattern are closely related to the environmental conditions along the different parts of sand dune. Analysis of microbiotic crust distribution and relationship to environmental factors shows that average microbiotic crust thickness is 0.05–0.1 cm at the tops dunes, 0.2–1.5 cm in the upper part, 1.5–2.5 cm in middle and lower parts of dunes, and 1.5–5.0 cm in interdune areas, while areal coverage is 30.5, 48.5, 55.5, and 75.5%, respectively. Microbiotic crust differentiation along dune slopes is a result of the development stage and converse-succession resistance of the different microbiotic crusts. The numbers of species, thickness and degree of development of microbiotic crusts increase from the upper part to the middle and lower parts of dune slopes. The development and differentiation of microbiotic crusts at various dune slope positions are a reflection of the ecological expression of the comprehensive adaptability and natural selection of different microbiotic crust species to the local environmental conditions, and are closely related to such ecological conditions as the physiochemical properties of soils and topsoil textural stability.     

实测数据揭示海底地震仪上浮速率与出水点规律

使用海底地震仪(OBS)对极地浮冰区进行探测时,存在上浮的OBS被浮冰遮挡而难以发现和回收等困难,为提高两极浮冰区海底地震探测效率,亟需对OBS上浮出水时间和位置进行较为准确地预测.本研究以2019年南海OBS观测、2020年西太平洋OBS探测以及2011年南海东部次海盆三维OBS探测现场作业的实测距离和位置信息等数据...     

Hydrothermal Mobilization and Enrichment of Iron in the Iron Deposits of the Middle—Lower Yangtze Valley District

There are two main types of iron deposits in the Middle-Lower Yangtze Valley district.Both of them underwent post-magmatic hydrothermal processes during ore formation.Iron in the hydrothermal ore bodies was derived largely through mobilization from substantially consolidated diroitic intrusives.Wall-roch alteration zonation indicates that iron-mobilizing hydrothermal fluids evolved in a trend of decreasing alkalinity,which is suggested by regularly distributed wall-rock alterations formed by iron-mobilizing hydrothermal fluids and is in contradiction with the current chloride,chloride complex and bicarbonate models for iron mobilization.The close association of carbonatization with iron ores and the high concentrations of reduced gases such as CO,CH4 and H2 in fluid inclusions suggest that iron is most probably transported in the form of iron carbonyls during post-magmatic hydrothermal processes. In the light of the iron carbonyl mobilization model,explanations are made of the constraints on ores of some geologic factors such as melanocratic alteration,carbonatization,carbonate strata,structural fractures,cyptoexplosive pipes and embryo ores.     

关中盆地6000～2100cal.aB.P. 期间黍、粟农业的植硅体证据

黍、粟是我国北方两种重要的旱作农作物,对中华文明起源和发展产生过重要的影响。长期以来由于受到考古样品保存及研究方法的限制,早期考古发掘报道的我国关中盆地新石器遗存的农作物多是以粟为主或粟、黍不分,统称粟类作物,缺少对该区新石器时期粟、黍农业状况的深入研究。本文利用植硅体方法,分别对现代黍、粟和水稻种子的植硅体产量以及关中盆地新石器考古样品中的植硅体进行分析。结果表明,等重量的黍、粟种子稃片的植硅体产量基本相等,其植硅体含量所反映的是黍、粟的相对产量(重量);水稻双峰型植硅体的百分含量比水稻实际含量相对偏低。关中盆地泉护、杨官寨、浒西庄、案板、王家嘴,水沟等6个考古遗址17个¹⁴C年龄和47个植硅体样品分析结果显示,约6000～2100cal.aB.P.期间,关中盆地黍子的植硅体含量一直占优势(3.4％～34.5％),粟次之(0～6.2％),即使在气候相对暖湿的阶段,黍的产量仍超过粟。泉护、杨官寨、浒西庄,案板等遗址的个别样品中保存水稻植硅体。这些结果为重新认识关中地区新石器时期农业生产与社会经济形态以及与气候环境条件的关系提供了新的参考资料。     

桑坪红柱石物相分析方法研究

本文以桑坪红柱石矿的矿物组合为依据,建立了以铝量法为基础,铝铁比值法校正十字石的干扰,测定红柱石含量的物相分析方法。研究了红柱石在确定条件下的溶解规律,粒度效应及其它影响分析的因素。提出了接近矿区实际的、较准确的分析结果校正办法,制定了较合理的试样加工流程,效果良好。     

西藏冈底斯带始新世曲水岩基的岩浆混合作用:来自斜长石阴极发光特征和成分变化的证据

斜长石作为主要造岩矿物,是研究岩石成因、示踪岩浆演化和岩浆混合过程的有效工具.对冈底斯带曲水岩基始新世花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、闪长岩脉和暗色包体中的斜长石进行了阴极发光图像结构特征、电子探针主量元素和LA-ICP-MS微量元素成分的分析,揭示了斜长石复杂环带的成因和相关的岩浆过程.该区斜长石的阴极发光图像呈现出多种颜色且与其An值相对应,随着An值降低依次为绿色、蓝色和暗灰色或暗红色等,并发育补丁状环带、筛状环带、韵律环带等.花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩中斜长石的An值具有相似的变化范围(20~55),而闪长岩脉和暗色包体中An值的变化范围较大(25~85),表明曲水岩基经历了复杂的开放过程.微量元素结果表明:花岗闪长岩与闪长岩脉和暗色微粒包体具有相同的Sr含量范围(600×10^-6~1 100×10^-6);而二长花岗岩的Sr含量(1 000×10^-6~2 400×10^-6)整体高于前者.以上研究表明,花岗闪长岩中阴极发光呈现绿色的核部或幔部是偏中性岩浆注入寄主岩岩浆混合的结果;具有高Sr含量的二长花岗岩认为是高Sr含量的岩浆结晶形成的;闪长岩脉和暗色微粒包体中的筛状结构斜长石为寄主岩捕掳晶.     

The influence of climate change and human activities on runoff in the middle reaches of the Huaihe River Basin,China

This study presents a soil and water integrated model (SWIM) and associated statistical analyses for the Huaihe River Basin (HRB) based on daily meteorological, river runoff, and water resource data encompassing the period between 1959 and 2015. The aim of this research is to quantitatively analyze the rate of contribution of upstream runoff to that of the midstream as well as the influence of climate change and human activities in this section of the river. Our goal is to explain why extreme precipitation is concentrated in the upper reaches of the HRB while floods tend to occur frequently in the middle reaches of this river basin. Results show that the rate of contribution of precipitation to runoff in the upper reaches of the HRB is significantly higher than temperature. Data show that the maximum contribution rate of upstream runoff to that of the midstream can be as high as 2.23%, while the contribution of temperature is just 0.38%. In contrast, the rate of contribution of human activities to runoff is 87.20% in the middle reaches of the HRB, while that due to climate change is 12.80%. Frequent flood disasters therefore occur in the middle reaches of the HRB because of the combined effects of extreme precipitation in the upper reaches and human activities in the middle sections.     

羌塘盆地中生代古油藏油源问题探讨

对羌塘盆地中生界共242个露头烃源岩样品以及6个油苗样品进行了正构烷烃碳数分布模式,多环芳烃系列相对含量组成,甾烷组成,甾、萜系列相对含量等多项测试对比研究。岩样分布于侏罗系索瓦组、夏里组、布曲组、色哇组、曲色组以及上三叠统肖查卡组这六套主要烃源岩层系,油样分布于雪山组、索瓦组、夏里组以及布曲组。布曲组烃源岩是多个不同地层古油藏的主要贡献者,是羌塘盆地的主力烃源岩层系之一;雪山组古油藏很可能另有主力油源层,它与所述的六套烃源岩均无可比性。