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31.
de Arruda Gomes Mayara Maria de Melo Verçosa Lívia Fragoso Cirilo José Almir 《Natural Hazards》2021,108(3):3121-3157
Natural Hazards - Floods are the most frequent natural disaster and pose a very challenging threat to many cities worldwide. Understanding the flood dynamic is essential for developing strategies... 相似文献
32.
Bianca D. Lima Elba C. Teixeira James C. Hower Matheus S. Civeira Omar Ramírez Cheng-Xue Yang Marcos L.S. Oliveira Luis F.O. Silva 《地学前缘(英文版)》2021,12(3):101129
Having a better understanding of air pollutants in railway systems is crucial to ensure a clean public transport. This study measured, for the first time in Brazil, nanoparticles (NPs) and black carbon (BC) on two ground-level platforms and inside trains of the Metropolitan Area of Porto Alegre (MAPA). An intense sampling campaign during thirteen consecutive months was carried out and the chemical composition of NPs was examined by advanced microscopy techniques. The results showed that highest concentrations of the pollutants occur in colder seasons and influenced by variables such as frequency of the trains and passenger densities. Also, internal and external sources of pollution at the stations were identified. The predominance of NPs enriched with metals that increase oxidative stress like Cd, Fe, Pb, Cr, Zn, Ni, V, Hg, Sn, and Ba both on the platforms and inside trains, including Fe-minerals as hematite and magnetite, represents a critical risk to the health of passengers and employees of the system. This interdisciplinary and multi-analytical study aims to provide an improved understanding of reported adverse health effects induced by railway system aerosols. 相似文献
33.
A general overview of some of the problems involved in earthquake catalogue handling is given as part of the works carried out into the ESC/SC8-TERESA project related with the seismic hazard assessment in two selected test areas: Sannio-Matese in Italy and the northern Rhine region (BGN). Furthermore, the necessary input data to be used in the calculation of seismic hazard has been obtained, including earthquake source zones and their seismic hazard parameters.The importance is pointed out of detailed analysis of seismic catalogues, mainly in relation to the use of aftershock information, the historical records of the region, and the possible temporal and spatial variation of seismicity, which could have an important influence on short-term hazard assessment. 相似文献
34.
Zusammenfassung Bei dem Versuch, die Kristallstruktur von Bonchevit zu bestimmen, stellte sich heraus, daß dieses Mineral—bis dahin PbBi4S7—aus zwei Phasen besteht. Der Hauptanteil wurde eindeutig als Galenobismutit identifiziert. Der Rest wies nach den Gitterkonstanten (a0=13,58±0,02 Å, b0=20,51±0,07 Å, c0=4,09±0,07 Å) auf ein bisher unbekanntes Mineral hin. Die Raumgruppe ist Bbmm. Ein indiziertes Pulverdiagramm und die dazugehörigen d-Werte werden angegeben.Die Emissionsspektralanalyse zeigt Pb und Bi als Hauptkomponenten, Cu und Ag als Nebenkomponenten und Spuren von Zn und Sn. Die Strukturanalyse führte zu der Formel Me5S6, wobei die Me-Atome etwa gleich schwer sind, so daß als chemischo Formel nur Pb3Bi2S6 mit Z=4 in Frage kommt.Strukturell gehört das Mineral in die Gruppe Andorit-Ramdohrit-Fizelyit. Die Verwandtschaft bzw. Identität des Minerals mit anderen Mineralen und synthetischen Verbindungen wird diskutiert.
Mineralogical data on a sulphosalt from the Rhodope mountains, Bulgaria
Summary During an attempt to determine the crystal structure of bonchevite, this mineral was found to consist of two phases. Previously it was thought to have the composition PbBi4S7. The main constituent could unambiguously be identified as galenobismutite. For the rest the lattice constants (a0=13.58±0,02 Å, b0=20.51±0,07 Å, c0=4.09±0.07 Å), indicated a new mineral. Space group is Bbmm. An indexed powder diagram (with d-values) is given.The emission spectrographic analysis shows Pb and Bi to be main components, Cu and Ag to be minor components, and traces only of Zn and Sn. The structure analysis has led to the formula Me5S6, with Me-atoms of approximately the same atomic number; therefore, the chemical formula has to be Pb3Bi2S6, with Z=4.In a structural classification the mineral belongs to the andoriteramdohrite-fizelyite-group. The relationships to or the identity with other minerals and synthetic compounds are discussed.相似文献
35.
María Teresa Rodríguez-Salazar Ofelia Morton-Bermea Elizabeth Hernández-Álvarez Rufino Lozano Victor Tapia-Cruz 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,62(5):899-905
This research presents and discusses information concerning the spatial distribution of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Ba, Co,
Cr, Ni and V) in the urban environments of Mexico City using geographical information system and statistical analysis. Superficial
soil samples (n = 146) were analyzed. The highest contamination indices were found in the north and center zone of the metropolitan area.
In contrast, the surrounding rural fields show a lower impact grade. The higher concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn and Ba were observed
as being related to high vehicular traffic, nevertheless other elements such as Co, Cr, Ni and V do not show anthropogenic
influence and their content can be attributed to the parental rock. The results are compared with previous surveys carried
out in 2003 in order to evaluate temporal deposition trends. No changes were found on reported concentrations except for Cu
and Zn, whose concentration has increased in later years. The results suggest that spatial distribution analysis and results
in comparison with previous studies could be useful for the management and sustainable development of the metropolitan area
of Mexico City. 相似文献
36.
Idael Francisco Blanco-Quintero C. Lázaro A. García-Casco J. A. Proenza Y. Rojas-Agramonte 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2011,162(2):395-413
Whole-rock compositions of muscovite-bearing amphibolite, trondhjemite, pegmatite and quartz-muscovite rocks from Sierra del
Convento and La Corea mélanges (eastern Cuba), as well as mineralogy, record complex circulation of Ba-rich fluids and melts
in the subduction environment. Partial melting of fluid-fluxed, MORB-derived amphibolite produced trondhjemite magmas that
crystallized at depth, in some cases evolving into pegmatites. Qtz-Ms rocks probably crystallized from primary fluids derived
from subducted sediments. All these rocks have elevated concentrations of large-ion lithophile elements, especially Ba (up
to 11,810 ppm), presumably released from slab sediments by fluids and/or melts. Fluid–rock interaction produced crystallization
of phengite in parental amphibolites. The phengite crystallized in all types of rocks is rich in Ba, with concentric zoning,
characterized by Ba-rich cores and Ba-poor rims, indicating a compatible behaviour of Ba in the studied systems. Zoning in
phengite is governed primarily by the celadonite (tschermak) exchange vector ((Mg,Fe)Si-(Al)-2), with more moderate contributions of the celsian (BaAl-(KSi)-1) and paragonite (NaK-1) exchange vectors. Late remobilization of Ba at relatively low temperature formed retrograde celsian. The compatible behaviour
of Ba in the studied rocks strengthens the importance of the stability of phengite for the transfer of LIL elements from the
subduction to the volcanic arc environments. 相似文献
37.
Juan Carlos Carracedo Francisco Pérez Torrado Alejandro Rodríguez González Vicente Soler José Luis Fernández Turiel Valentin R. Troll Sebastian Wiesmaier 《Geology Today》2012,28(2):53-58
Forty years after the Teneguía Volcano (La Palma, 1971), a submarine eruption took place off the town of La Restinga, south of El Hierro, the smallest and youngest island of the Canarian Archipelago. Precursors allowed an early detection of the event and its approximate location, suggesting it was submarine. Uncertainties derived from insufficient scientific information available to the authorities during the eruption, leading to disproportionate civil protection measures, which had an impact on the island's economy—based primarily on tourism—while residents experienced extra fear and distress. 相似文献
38.
U. J. López-Chuken U. López-Domínguez R. Parra-Saldivar E. Moreno-Jiménez L. Hinojosa-Reyes J. L. Guzmán-Mar E. Olivares-Sáenz 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2012,9(1):69-77
Chloride salinity has been strongly related to enhanced cadmium (Cd) uptake by plants due to increased solubility in the soil solution, even in agricultural soil with very low levels of cadmium. This finding is relevant because the cadmium content of food crops is an important concern for human health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to predict and discuss the chlorine-enhanced uptake of cadmium by two common crops: maize and tobacco under ??non-saline?? (1?mM) and ??very strongly saline?? (200?mM) scenarios using a modified ??biotic ligand model?? and datasets from a set of soil and hydroponic experiments. Results indicated that predicted cadmium uptake rates (expressed as cadmium in plant ??mol?m?2 root) by maize and tobacco plants were consistently higher (54 and 15%, respectively) assuming conditions of ??very strong salinity?? soil compared to the simulated ??non-saline?? soil. In the light of the results of the present research, valuable information is given on modeled cadmium phytoavailability as an indication of the potential risk due to increased cadmium uptake by crops under saline conditions, especially as the enhancement of cadmium uptake in the presence of Cl? salinity may be a general trend that occurs in many edible crops. The biotic ligand model parameterization applied in the present study attempted to simulate conditions commonly found in natural cadmium and salt-affected soils. However, caution is needed to extrapolate results obtained from these models to real soil conditions. 相似文献
39.
Fritz H. Cramer Maria del Carmen R. Díez 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1976,65(1):288-290
Palynological analysis of twelve wells shows that the metamorphic gradient of the pre-Mesozoic in the Kasba Tadla Basin of Morocco increases rapidly northwest-, southeast-, and eastward, from the center of the Basin. In the center, the Ordovician may still be releasing mobile hydrocarbons.
The authors gratefully acknowledge support of this project through Grant GF-32510-X from the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Eine palynologische Untersuchung von zwölf Bohrungen zeigt, daß der thermale Gradient sich im Premesozoikum des Kasba-Tadla-Beckens in Marokko vom Zentrum des Beckens aus nach Nordwesten, Südosten und Osten schnell vergrößert. Es ist sehr wohl möglich, daß das Ordovizium des Beckenzentrums noch flüssige und gasförmige Kohlenwasserstoffverbindungen abgibt.
Résumé L'analyse palynologique de 12 sondages montre que le gradient métamorphique du pré-Mésozoïque dans le Basin du Kasba Tadla, au Maroc, augmente à partir du centre du Bassin vers le nordouest, le sudest et vers l'est. Il est possible que l'Ordovicien de la partie centrale du Bassin produise encore des hydrocarbures liquides et gaseux.
12 , Kasba Tadla -, - . , .
The authors gratefully acknowledge support of this project through Grant GF-32510-X from the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. 相似文献
40.
The dominant factors affecting the development of weathering forms on the Prav?ice Rock Arch (PRA) (Bohemian Switzerland National Park, Czech Republic) are discussed, based on the in situ monitoring of weathering forms, as well as on laboratory studies of materials taken from this site. The in situ monitoring shows the progressive development of distinct weathering forms (delamination of case-hardened rock surfaces, cyclic efflorescence, and granular disintegration of exposed weakly cemented rock mass) in specific portions of the PRA, whose location is controlled by lithology, jointing/local hydrodynamics, and exposure to climatic factors. From the analysis of efflorescence, the dominance of sulphates is evident; particularly of gypsum and alums. However, the synergistic effects of the several salt species (that also include minor nitrates and chlorides) upon the mechanical disintegration of sandstone can be expected. 相似文献