Beitrag zur Systematik der Ooide von Kalkoolithen am Beispiel des Unteren Buntsandsteins Mitteldeutschlands

Zusammenfassung Die Kalkoolithe des Rogensteins im Unteren Buntsandstein wurden auf ihren Ooidinhalt untersucht. Dabei wurde besonderer Wert auf die Ausbildung des Ooids gelegt. Die Formen wurden mit den Angaben Kalkowskys (1908) verglichen. Die Ooide sind entsprechend ihrer strukturellen, stofflichen und faziellen Merkmale charakterisiert. Dabei ist aufgezeigt, daß die strukturellen Faktoren Kornform und Korngröße in Abhängigkeit vom Bildungsmechanismus stehen. Der Symmetriegrad des Ooids ist in hohem Maße abhängig von der Bewegungsintensität des kalkabscheidenden Wassers. Die einzelnen Ooidformen werden nach ihrem inneren strukturellen Aufbau und ihrer Form aufgeführt. Die gegenseitigen Beziehungen von Ooidformen werden beschrieben und diskutiert. Zum Abschluß wird die Beziehung der Ooide zu den Organismen, insbesondere den Stromatolithen angeführt.

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The oolitic limestone in Lower Buntsandstein is studied concerning its oolitic contents. The investigation was specially concentrated on its mode of formation. The forms are compared with the data published by Kalkowsky (1908). The ooids are identified according to their textural characteristics, kind of material and facial features. It is obvious that the textural factors, shape and grain size are related to the mechanism of formation. The degree of symmetry of the ooids is depending to a large extent on the movement intensity of the water involved in the deposition of calcium carbonate. The individual ooid forms are listed according to their internal structure and shape. The ooid forms which show contrast to each other are discribed and discussed. The relation of the ooids to the organisms, specially to stromatolites, have been mentioned.

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Dem Leiter des Mineralogisch-Petrographischen Institutes der Universität Halle, Herrn Dr. Gaedeke, gilt unser besonderer Dank für anregende Diskussionen und stete Förderung dieser Arbeit.     

Paleoecology of late-glacial terrestrial deposits with in situ conifers from the submerged continental shelf of western canada

Extensive portions of the continental shelf off the coast of British Columbia were subaerially exposed during Late Wisconsinan deglaciation due to lowering of relative sea level by as much as 150 m. Paleoecological analyses were conducted at two sites on the emergent continental shelf where terrestrial surfaces with in situ conifers are preserved. The woody plant remains confirm that, during the latest period of subaerial exposure, terrestrial vegetation was established on the continental shelf. Microscopic identification of fossil wood, and analyses of pollen and plant macrofossils from the associated paleosols and overlying shallow pond sediments indicate that productive Pinus contorta-dominated communities with abundant Alnus crispa and ferns grew on the shelf adjacent to and on the Queen Charlotte Islands around 12,200 ¹⁴C yr B.P. Dwarf shrubs including Salix and Empetrum, and herbaceous plants such as Heracleum lanatum and Hippuris vulgaris, were also important components of the shelf vegetation. Near northern Vancouver Island, mixed coniferous forests dominated by Pinus contorta with Picea, Tsuga spp., Alnus spp., and ferns occupied the shelf at 10,500 ¹⁴C yr B.P.     

Detailed investigation of preserved maar structures by combined geophysical surveys

The detection of completely preserved maar structures is important not only for underground mapping but also for paleoclimate research because laminated maar lake sediments may contain a very detailed archive of climate history. Objective evidence for the existence of such structures can only be provided by geophysics and boreholes. The combination of gravity and magnetic ground surveys appears to be an excellent tool to detect and identify buried maar structures. Their prominent properties are an almost circular gravity minimum corresponding to a crater filled with limnic sediments of low density, and a magnetic anomaly caused by a pyroclastic or basaltic body in the diatreme which indicates the volcanic character. Seismic measurements provide the most detailed information about the internal structure of the maar sediments. Zones of low seismic reflectivity and very low density represent sediments of the late maar-lake period. The early lake period is indicated by debris flow deposits and turbidites represented by seismic reflectors. The seismic sections clearly reveal the bowl-like structure of the maar. Outside this bowl-like structure, there are only a few reflections, which represent the basement. Taking into account the shape of the gravity anomaly, seismic information allows geometrical modelling of the maar structure. Optimal drilling sites can be selected based on the results of geophysical surveying. Comparing the results of combined geophysical surveys above two maar structures of different ages yields a marked similarity in their geophysical pattern.Editorial responsibility: J McPhie     

Quantitative high resolution cathodoluminescence spectroscopy of diagenetic and hydrothermal dolomites

A combination of high resolution cathodoluminescence-spectroscopy (HRS-CL=high resolution spectroscopy of cathodoluminescence emission) with spatial resolving trace element analyses (PIXE=proton induced X-ray emission) is used to establish a method for the quantitative determination of the Mn-content of diagenetic and hydrothermal dolomites using the measurements of peak areas of Mn-activated CL emission bands. This method takes into account the overlap of the CL broad bands of Mn²⁺ in the Mg- and the Ca-lattice-position of dolomite. There is a linear correlation between the peak areas and Mn concentration up to approx. 1000–1500 ppm. Thus, CL spectroscopy allows a determination of Mn concentrations below the abilities of PIXE (10–15 ppm) to less than 1 ppm by extrapolation of this linear relation.

Up to an Fe-content of approx. 2000 ppm, no quenching effect of Fe on this linear relationship occurs. However, Fe-contents above 2000 ppm result in a decrease of Mn-induced luminescence. Even at Fe-concentration >25,000 ppm spectroscopy reveals that Mn-activated CL of dolomite is not entirely extinguished.     

Mobilization of gold into lake sediments from acid and alkaline mineralized environments in the southern Canadian Shield: Gold in lake sediments and natural waters

To be an effective indicator of mineralization in lake sediment surveys within the Canadian Shield, it is desirable that an element migrate in solution or adsorbed on suspensates. Given the low relief and disorganized drainage patterns of this region, dispersal in clastic form in drainage systems is limited and gives rise to erratic distributions. The purpose of this study was to discover whether Au shows significant hydromorphic mobility, which would justify the increasing use that is being made of this element in lake sediments as an indicator for gold mineralization.Waters and lake sediments were collected from Napier Lake, Ontario; PAP Lake, Saskatchewan; and Foster Lake, Manitoba, all of which contain Au-quartz vein mineralization and lie within the glaciated boreal forest zone of the Canadian Shield. In all three areas, profundal lake sediments down-drainage of mineralization contain Au concentrations higher than regional mean concentrations. Significant dissolution and transport of Au was found under oxidizing conditions associated with waters with pH that varied from acid to alkaline. Waters from drill holes penetrating mineralization contain up to 401 ng L⁻¹ Au (note; 1 ng L⁻¹ is equivalent to 1 part per trillion, 10⁻¹²). Surface waters overlying or near mineralization collected from bogs, seeps, ponds and streams contain up to 13 ng L⁻¹. The content of Au in lake waters is lower, with a maximum of 1.1 ng L⁻¹. There is also a detectable quantity of Au present in suspensates. Two samples of particulates (> 1 μm) filtered from lake water have Au equivalent to 0.17 ng L⁻¹ and 0.039 ng L⁻¹. While the contents of Au present in solution or as suspensates in lake and stream water are relatively small, they are sufficient, if precipitated, to generate anomalies in lake sediments. Thus for Reservoir Lake, in the Foster Lake area, water from the principal stream entering the lake carries 0.3 ng L⁻¹ Au. This provides an annual flux which far exceeds that required to generate the 7.3 ppb Au contained in profundal sediments of this lake; a content that is anomalous relative to the regional median content of < 1 ppb Au for lake sediments.Hydrogeochemical prospecting involving analysis for Au is one method for tracing the source of anomalous Au in lake sediments. Collection of 1 L samples without field treatment, followed by extraction of Au into MIBK, then analysis by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry, permits detection levels for Au of 0.5 ng L⁻¹. This is below the contents of Au found in some waters from mineralized areas. A detection limit of 0.3 ng L⁻¹ was obtained using larger water samples.     

Volcanic tremor-source mechanisms and correlation with eruptive activity

Signal characteristics and intensity patterns of volcanic tremor are discussed with regard to eruption phenomena. Although a generally valid relationship cannot be given, volcanic tremor is strongly correlated to the fluid dynamics of the volcano. A major difficulty in the interpretation of volcanic tremor is the lack of an appropriate source model. It is assumed that flow transients of quite different kinds act as seismic sources. The significant correlation of volcanic tremor to external forces (barometric pressure, rain-fall loading, earth tides) is discussed and included in a relation with magma-flow instabilities. Two-phase (liquid-gas) flow instabilities play an essential role in the origin of volcanic tremor and, possibly, in the occurrence of volcanic eruptions. A model is discussed, in which one cause of tremor is seen in self-sustained pressure oscillations following transitions between subsonic and supersonic two-phase magma flow (modified Steinberg and Steinberg model).     

IGU Commission on Geographic Information Systems

The International Geographical Union Reports

IGU Commission on Geographic Information SystemsGoegraphic information systems in higher education — A workshop — Columbus, Ohio, June 10–11, 1989