全文获取类型
收费全文 | 64851篇 |
免费 | 906篇 |
国内免费 | 1262篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 2609篇 |
大气科学 | 4940篇 |
地球物理 | 12850篇 |
地质学 | 24742篇 |
海洋学 | 4594篇 |
天文学 | 11711篇 |
综合类 | 2248篇 |
自然地理 | 3325篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 328篇 |
2020年 | 363篇 |
2019年 | 448篇 |
2018年 | 5537篇 |
2017年 | 4767篇 |
2016年 | 3661篇 |
2015年 | 881篇 |
2014年 | 1186篇 |
2013年 | 2030篇 |
2012年 | 2154篇 |
2011年 | 4174篇 |
2010年 | 3390篇 |
2009年 | 4214篇 |
2008年 | 3588篇 |
2007年 | 4025篇 |
2006年 | 1741篇 |
2005年 | 1456篇 |
2004年 | 1674篇 |
2003年 | 1577篇 |
2002年 | 1462篇 |
2001年 | 1131篇 |
2000年 | 1067篇 |
1999年 | 905篇 |
1998年 | 905篇 |
1997年 | 888篇 |
1996年 | 711篇 |
1995年 | 666篇 |
1994年 | 625篇 |
1993年 | 543篇 |
1992年 | 475篇 |
1991年 | 486篇 |
1990年 | 466篇 |
1989年 | 485篇 |
1988年 | 434篇 |
1987年 | 503篇 |
1986年 | 456篇 |
1985年 | 535篇 |
1984年 | 658篇 |
1983年 | 568篇 |
1982年 | 557篇 |
1981年 | 522篇 |
1980年 | 457篇 |
1979年 | 432篇 |
1978年 | 445篇 |
1977年 | 381篇 |
1976年 | 346篇 |
1975年 | 349篇 |
1974年 | 324篇 |
1973年 | 362篇 |
1972年 | 260篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
271.
David M. Hirsch 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2008,155(4):401-415
Garnet-bearing schists from the Waterville Formation of south-central Maine provide an opportunity to examine the factors
governing porphyroblast size over a range of metamorphic grade. Three-dimensional sizes and locations for all garnet porphyroblasts
were determined for three samples along the metamorphic field gradient spanning lowest garnet through sillimanite grade, using
high-resolution X-ray computed tomography. Comparison of crystal size distributions to previous data sets obtained by stereological
methods for the same samples reveals significant differences in mode, mean, and shape of the distributions. Quantitative textural
analysis shows that the garnets in each rock crystallized in a diffusion-controlled nucleation and growth regime. In contrast
to the typical observation of a correlation between porphyroblast size and position along a metamorphic field gradient, porphyroblast
size of the lowest-grade specimen is intermediate between the high- and middle-grade specimens’ sizes. Mean porphyroblast
size does not correlate with peak temperatures from garnet-biotite Fe-Mg exchange thermometry, nor is post-crystallization
annealing (Ostwald Ripening) required to produce the observed textures, as was previously proposed for these rocks. Robust
pseudosection calculations fail to reproduce the observed garnet core compositions for two specimens, suggesting that these
calc-pelites experienced metasomatism. For each of these two specimens, Monte Carlo calculations suggest potential pre-metasomatism
bulk compositions that replicate garnet core compositions. Pseudosection analyses allow the estimation of the critical temperatures
for garnet growth: ∼481, ∼477, and ∼485°C for the lowest-garnet-zone, middle-garnet-zone, and sillimanite-zone specimens,
respectively. Porphyroblast size appears to be determined in this case by a combination of the heating rate during garnet
crystallization, the critical temperature for the garnet-forming reaction and the kinetics of nucleation. Numerical simulations
of thermally accelerated, diffusion-controlled nucleation, and growth for the three samples closely match measured crystal
size distributions. These observations and simulations suggest that previous hypotheses linking the garnet size primarily
to the temperature at the onset of porphyroblast nucleation can only partially explain the observed textures. Also important
in determining porphyroblast size are the heating rate and the distribution of favorable nucleation sites. 相似文献
272.
Sofie P. Pasilis 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2008,72(2):277-287
ATR-FTIR spectroscopy is used to understand the adsorption of uranyl-citrate complexes to Al2O3. Spectral data indicate that uranyl-citrate complexes partially dissociate upon adsorption, allowing full or partial hydrolysis of the uranyl ion. Kads values determined for free citrate adsorption are similar to those for citrate in uranyl-citrate complexes, indicating that the complexation of uranyl by citrate does not significantly affect the ability of citrate to bond with the surface. The isotherm data also indicate enhanced citrate adsorption to Al2O3 in the presence of uranyl, suggesting that uranyl may be the central link between two citrate ligands, and that uranyl is associated with the surface through a bridging citrate ligand. Finally, uranyl-citrate complexes interact with citrate adsorbed to Al2O3 through outer sphere interactions. 相似文献
273.
Gregory K. Druschel David Emerson R. Sutka P. Suchecki 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2008,72(14):3358-3370
Neutrophilic iron oxidizing bacteria (FeOB) must actively compete with rapid abiotic processes governing Fe(II) oxidation and as a result have adapted to primarily inhabit low-O2 environments where they can more successfully compete with abiotic Fe(II) oxidation. The spatial distribution of these microorganisms can be observed through the chemical gradients they affect, as measured using in situ voltammetric analysis for dissolved Fe(II), Fe(III), O2, and FeS(aq). Field and laboratory determination of the chemical environments inhabited by the FeOB were coupled with detailed kinetic competition studies for abiotic and biotic oxidation processes using a pure culture of FeOB to quantify the geochemical niche these organisms inhabit. In gradient culture tubes, the maximum oxygen levels, which were associated with growth bands of Sideroxydans lithotrophicus (ES-1, a novel FeOB), were 15-50 μM. Kinetic measurements made on S. lithotrophicus compared biotic/abiotic (killed control) Fe oxidation rates. The biotic rate can be a significant and measurable fraction of the total Fe oxidation rate below O2 concentrations of approximately 50 μM, but biotic Fe(II) oxidation (via the biotic/abiotic rate comparison) becomes difficult to detect at higher O2 levels. These results are further supported by observations of conditions supporting FeOB communities in field settings. Variablity in cell densities and cellular activity as well as variations in hydrous ferrous oxide mineral quantities significantly affect the laboratory kinetic rates. The microbial habitat (or geochemical niche) where FeOB are active is thus largely controlled by the competition between abiotic and biotic kinetics, which are dependent on Fe(II) concentration, PO2, temperature and pH in addition to the surface area of hydrous ferric oxide minerals and the cell density/activity of FeOB. Additional field and lab culture observations suggest a potentially important role for the iron-sulfide aqueous molecular cluster, FeS(aq), in the overall cycling of iron associated with the environments these microorganisms inhabit. 相似文献
274.
Ø. Hammer D.K. Dysthe H. Lund P. Meakin B. Jamtveit 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2008,72(20):5009-5021
We present a 2D numerical model for the growth of calcite from supersaturated aqueous solutions under laminar, open-channel flow conditions. The model couples solution chemistry, precipitation at solution/calcite interfaces, hydrodynamics, diffusion and degassing. The model output is compared with experimental results obtained using an oversaturated calcite solution produced by mixing CaCl2 and Na2CO3. The precipitation rate is observed to increase when the supersaturated solution flows over an obstruction, leading to a growth instability that causes the formation of terraces. At relatively high flow rates, the most important mechanism for this behaviour seems to be hydrodynamic advection of dissolved species either towards or away from the calcite surface, depending on location relative to the obstruction, which deforms the concentration gradients. At lower flow rates, steepening of diffusion gradients around protrusions becomes important. Enhanced degassing over the obstruction due to shallowing and pressure drop is not important on small scales. Diffusion controlled transport close to the calcite surface can lead to a fingering-type growth instability, which generates porous textures. Our results are consistent with existing diffusive boundary layer theory, but for flow over non-smooth surfaces, simple calcite precipitation models that include empirical correlations between fluid flow rate and calcite precipitation rate are inaccurate. 相似文献
275.
Roderick P. Neumann 《Geoforum》2008,39(2):728-735
One of Piers Blaikie’s most important contributions to the development of political ecology is his critique of land and resource conservation policy in the global South. In this paper I trace the development of Blaikie’s ideas about the policy relevance of political ecology, focusing particularly on the challenges posed by the introduction of poststructural social theory into the field. I begin by revisiting Blaikie’s earlier critiques of environment and development policy. This will provide the departure point to explore how his thinking on the relationship of theory and policy and of academic and development practices has evolved in subsequent writings. I have invented two personas, “early Blaikie” and “late Blaikie”, to facilitate this task. Second, I want to probe some of the challenges that late Blaikie presents for doing political ecology research, to some extent by pitting early Blaikie against late Blaikie and letting them hash it out. Third, I turn to my own and others’ research and consultation experiences as a way to examine the possibilities for reconciling theoretically driven critiques with policy relevant research. 相似文献
276.
277.
M. P. Chekhovskaya I. A. Basov A. G. Matul T. A. Khusid S. A. Gorbarenko 《Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation》2008,16(3):328-342
Taxonomic composition and distribution of planktonic foraminifers are studied in section of Core GC-11 that penetrated through Upper Quaternary sediments of the Bowers Ridge western slope, the southern Bering Sea. As is shown, structure of foraminiferal assemblage and productivity have varied substantially during the last 32000 calendar years in response to changes in surface water temperatures and water mass circulation in the northern part of the Pacific, the Bering Sea included. The productivity was maximal during deglaciation epoch, being notably lower in the Holocene and minimal at the glaciation time. 相似文献
278.
The paper is devoted to the conditions under which opacite rims developed around hornblende grains in andesite of the catastrophic eruption (March 30, 1956) of Bezymyannyi volcano, Kamchatka. The opacite rims were produced by a bimetasomatic reaction between hornblende and melt with the development of the following zoning: hornblende → Px + Pl + Ti-Mag → Px + Pl → Px → melt. Biometasomatic reaction was accompanied by the active removal of CaO from the rim, addition of SiO2, and more complicated behavior of other components. The hornblende also shows reactions of its volumetric decomposition under near-isochemical conditions. The opacite rims developed under isobaric conditions, at a pressure of approximately 6 kbar. The main reason for the instability of the hornblende was the heating of the magma chamber from 890 to 1005°C due to new hot magma portion injection. The time interval between the injection and the start of eruption was estimated from the thickness of the opacite rims and did not exceed 37 days. Hence, the March 30, 1956, eruption was not related to the volcanic activity in November of 1955 but to the injection of a fresh magma portion in February–March of 1956. 相似文献
279.
P. M. Amaral J. Cruz Fernandes L. Guerra Rosa 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2008,41(6):917-928
Summary This paper describes and discusses the adequacy of Weibull statistical analysis to analyse the bending strength of granite.
The experimental results show that strength variability is related with a specific origin of failure. This conclusion is based
on analysing the influence of the surface condition (extrinsic defects) on the bending strength results treated by the Weibull
statistics. The conclusions drawn from this study have been validated by analysing the results of the critical flaw dimension
estimated by applying the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) formulae. Results obtained from fractographic examination
also have been used to describe the location of the origin of the fracture and understand the distribution of defects; i.e.,
there is a unimodal distribution of defects (intrinsic defects), despite the fact that some outlier values are normally observed
in the fractured surfaces.
Correspndence: P. M. Amaral, Department of Materials Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon,
Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal 相似文献
280.