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211.
The galactic distribution and physical nature of X-ray transient sources is investigated. Two types of transients are considered. The observational data on 41 X-ray transient sources are given, and the average parameters of hard and soft X-ray transients are estimated. 相似文献
212.
Nitrate-nitrogen (nitrate-N) in groundwater is a potential problem in many parts of Kansas.From 1990 to 1998, 747 water samples were collected from domestic, irrigation, monitoring,and public water supply wells primarily from the western two-thirds of the state, and analyzedfor nitrate-N by the Kansas Geological Survey. Nitrate-N concentrations of the 747 samplesanalyzed range from 29% with less than or equal to 3 mg/L, 51% between 3 and 10 mg/L,and 20% greater than or equal to 10 mg/L. Factors that show a statistically significantrelationship with the occurrence of nitrate-N in Kansas groundwater in this assessment includegeographic area of the state, depth of well, and age of well. Nitrate-N levels of wells screenedin the High Plains aquifer in south-central Kansas showed a statistically higher concentrationthan samples collected from the High Plains aquifer in the western portion of the state.Comparison of nitrate-N with depth of well indicated that shallower wells throughout the stategenerally have higher nitrate-N values than deeper wells. Irrigation wells older than 1975showed statistically higher nitrate-N concentration than wells installed during and since 1975,possibly related to changes in well-construction practices and regulations that occurred in 1975. 相似文献
213.
In this paper, the relationships between paleo-precipitation and the regional influence of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
in South America are assessed from a high-resolution calendar varve-thickness record. Two short laminated sediment cores (53
and 61 cm length) from Lago Puyehue (40° S) are analysed by continuous varve measurements through the last 600 years. The
calendar varve years are determined by the occurrence of graded planktonic-rich layers. The annual sediment accumulation rates
are reconstructed by using the standard varve-counting methods on thin sections. The 1980–2000 varve-thickness record is interpreted
in terms of climate through correlation with limnological and local monthly instrumental climate databases. The comparison
between the standardized varve thickness with the instrumental records reveals a strong correlation (r = 0.75, р = 0.07) between the total varve thickness and the austral autumn/winter precipitation. We argue that strong austral winter
winds and precipitation are the forcing factors for the seasonal turn-over and phytoplankton increase in the lake sediments.
During strong El Nino events the precipitation and the winds decrease abnormally, hence reducing the thickness of the biogenic
sediments deposited after the winter turn-over. Our results show one significant regional maximum peak of winter precipitation
(>900 mm) in the mid 20th century and a significant period with lower winter precipitation (<400 mm) before the 15th century,
i.e., the late Medieval Warm Period. The first peak in the mid 20th century is confirmed by the regional precipitation database.
The influence of ENSO cycles over the last 600 years is assessed by spectral analysis in Fagel et al. (2007). The possible influence of the regional volcanism and/or the seismic activity on the local climate record is also discussed.
This is the sixth in a series of eight papers published in this special issue dedicated to the 17,900 year multi-proxy lacustrine record of
Lago Puyehue, Chilean Lake District. The papers in this special issue were collected by M. De Batist, N. Fagel, M. -F. Loutre
and E. Chapron. 相似文献
214.
Lucien von Gunten Oliver Heiri Christian Bigler Jacqueline van Leeuwen Carlo Casty André F. Lotter Michael Sturm 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2008,39(3):283-299
We analysed a 42 cm long sediment record from Lej da la Tscheppa, a high-altitude lake (2,616 m a.s.l.) in the Upper Engadine
valley (Switzerland) for subfossil diatoms, chironomids and pollen. The chronology of the top 21 cm of the record was established
using 210Pb analysis using a constant-rate-of-supply model, and validated with 137Cs measurements and the content of spheroidal carbonaceous particles. A tentative chronology for the lower part of the core
was obtained through extrapolation of the sedimentation rates in the uppermost part of the record. Pollen assemblages in the
record reflect regional changes in forestation and land-use patterns in the Upper Engadine valley and show no evidence of
significant local human activity in the lake’s catchment. Diatom assemblages record a distinct increase in planktonic taxa
since the early 19th century, suggesting a decrease in the duration of ice-cover. In contrast, chironomid assemblages remained
stable during a large part of the record. We applied an established chironomid-based July air temperature transfer function
and a newly developed diatom-based spring air temperature transfer function to reconstruct past seasonal air temperature changes
at Lej da la Tscheppa. The reconstructions indicate a diatom-inferred warming trend in spring temperatures during the past
ca. 400 years, whereas chironomid-inferred summer temperatures suggest a slight cooling trend. These biota-based reconstructions
are in good agreement with the centennial-scale temperature trend in an independent reconstruction of regional temperatures
in the Upper Engadine region based on instrumental records and documentary proxy evidence from the Alps. Our results suggest
that, in high-altitude lakes, independent chironomid- and diatom-based seasonal temperature reconstruction is possible and
can be successfully used to track seasonal temperature trends. 相似文献
215.
We augment our scenario for the formation of astronomical objects from macroscopic superstrings by the assumption that the central matter keeps its identity in the fragmentation. From the condition that the angular momentum per mass squared of this matter should be less than the Kerr limit G/c, we obtain upper limits for the ratio of the mass of central black holes M(BH) to the mass M of the host object. This limit is M(BH)/M ≈ 0.001, and, expressed in observed quantities, approximately M(BH)/M ≈ σ2/(v · c) where σ is the r.m.s. velocity, v the rotational velocity and c the velocity of light. The valuesM(BH) agree with the observed behaviour both in order of magnitude and in the variation with velocity dispersion. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
216.
The distribution of controlling pressure formations, occurring in the Northern Hemisphere during the winters (January and February) of the years 1952 – 1996, has been analysed. It was found that the deepening of the Icelandic and Aleutian pressure lows is connected not only with a particular QBO phase and level of geomagnetic activity (Bochníek et al., 1999) but also with a particular level of solar activity. 相似文献
217.
The Upper Middle Rhine Valley, granted the status of a World Heritage site, is well known for its unique inner narrow valley
of Quaternary age with its historical legacy of numerous medieval castles and old towns. Less known is that this has always
been a risk area of floods and gravitative mass movements. Up to the recent past, mainly ice floods caused enormous damage.
The inhabitants of the valley were well aware that they lived in a risk area, but they had learned to handle the flood hazard.
With the demise of ice floods over the last 40 years, due to climate change and because of the additional heating of the river
water by power plants, the awareness of flood hazards has been much diminished, in contrast to that of potential damage by
rockfalls and landslides which were also much feared in the past, though at the local level only. Still in the people’s memory
is the Kaub catastrophe of March 10, 1876, when 28 persons were killed by a landslide. Nowadays, even minor rockfalls are
a major threat, as they will affect the much-used traffic lines on both banks of the river, in particular the railroads. Therefore,
since 2002, on behalf of German Rail (Deutsche Bahn, DB), all problematic slopes have been protected by costly steel-ring nets, although they are an aesthetic problem by UNESCO
standards. The feeling of absolute safety created among the public is only subjective, though, as planners are well aware
of. Moreover, the impact of modern climate change on slope stability is nearly unknown. Therefore, it is still necessary to
develop a risk map for the narrow valley, with emphasis on gravitational hazards. 相似文献
218.
A. E. Sansom R. G. Izzard P. Ocvirk 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,399(2):1012-1025
One of the complexities in modelling integrated spectra of stellar populations is the effect of interacting binary stars besides Type Ia supernovae (SNeIa). These include common envelope systems, cataclysmic variables, novae, and are usually ignored in models predicting the chemistry and spectral absorption line strengths in galaxies. In this paper, predictions of chemical yields from populations of single and binary stars are incorporated into a galactic chemical evolution model to explore the significance of the effects of these other binary yields. Effects on spectral line strengths from different progenitor channels of SNeIa are also explored. Small systematic effects are found when the yields from binaries, other than SNeIa, are included, for a given star formation history. These effects are, at present, within the observational uncertainties on the line strengths. More serious differences can arise in considering different types of SNIa models, their rates and contributions. 相似文献
219.
220.
To determine deformation and strength behaviour of a frozen morainic material uniaxial creep tests with constant load on remoulded samples have been carried out.
From the test results an analytical method describing the mechanical behaviour could be found.
In the following the results of this investigation are presented and an analytical solution is derived. In addition, other experimentally determined curves are compared with the calculated ones. For the material tested the proposed method leads to quite satisfactory results and is expected to do so also for other materials. 相似文献