An evaluation of landsat thematic mapper data for reforestation monitoring in British Columbia

Renewal of forests is important for continued wood supply and for other benefits. Consequently, restocking of forest cut-overs is a major forest management activity. Effective planning and successful implementation of reforestation programmes require efficient techniques for obtaining timely and accurate information regarding restocking status over clearcut forest lands. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data for reforestation monitoring. B-distance, a multivariation distance measure, has been used to measure spectral separability. Attempt has been made to discriminate five restocking classes (with percent canopy classes of 0,10 -12,15 -18, 43 - 47 and 100). Finally selection has been made for the optimum multiband subset from the six reflective TM bands. The results indicate that the combinations of TM bands 3-4-5, 4-5-7,1-4-5, and 2-4-5 were most useful for discriminating various restocking classes. Overall classification accuracies are estimated to be approximately 90 percent using these three-band subsets.     

The pre-quaternary stratigraphy of the Atlantic Islands

The principal lithologies, thicknesses and stratigraphy of the sediments of 35 Atlantic Islands are reported upon. Rocks older than the upper Triassic occur only on the Falkland and S. Georgia Islands. The Jurassic, as well as the Cretaceous are mainly concentrated on Cape Verde and the Canaries. The Antilles and Bahamas comprise a part of the sedimentation starting in Cretacecous. Tertiary sediments occur on all Atlantic Islands.

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Zusammenfassung Die Lithologie, Mächtigkeit und Stratigraphie der Sedimente von 35 Atlantischen Inseln wird dargestellt. Gesteine älter als Obertrias treten nur in den Falklandinseln und S. Georgia auf. Jura ist auf den Kapverden und Kanarischen Inseln konzentriert, ebenso die Kreide. Ab Kreide werden auch die Antillen und Bahamas mit in die Sedimentation einbezogen. Die Verbreitung tertiärer Sedimente umfaßt den gesamten Inselbereich des Atlantiks.

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Résumé La lithologie, la puissance et la stratigraphie des sédiments de 35 îles atlantiques sont décrites. Les roches plus anciennes que le Trias supérieur n'apparaissent que dans les îles Falkland et le de la Géorgie du Sud. Le Jurassique est concentré sur les îles du Cap Vert et les Canaries, ainsi que le crétacique. A partir du Crétacique seront aussi comprises dans la sédimentation, les Antilles et les Bahamas. L'extension des sédiments tertiaires comprend tout le domaine insulaire de l'Atlantique.

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An observational study of radiative and turbulent cooling in the nocturnal boundary layer (ECLATS experiment)

The contribution of radiative and turbulent processes to nocturnal atmospheric cooling has been studied using the experimental data of the ECLATS experiment which took place in the African Sahel; the radiative and turbulent fluxes were determined taking thermal advection into account. The turbulent cooling rate is predominant; it decreases strongly with altitude at the beginning of the night, which is the main cause of inversion formation.     

Rotifer abundance, biomass, and secondary production after the recovery of hydrologic connectivity between a river and two marginal lakes (São Paulo, Brazil)

Rotifera density, biomass, and secondary production on two marginal lakes of Paranapanema River were compared after the recovery of hydrologic connectivity with the river (São Paulo State, Brazil). Daily samplings were performed in limnetic zone of both lakes during the rainy season immediately after lateral inflow of water and, in the dry period, six months after hydrologic connectivity recovery. In order to identify the factors that affect rotifer population dynamics, lake water level, volume, depth, temperature, transparency, dissolved oxygen, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, suspended solids, nutrients, and chlorophyll-a were determined. Variations of water physical and chemical factors that affect rotifer population were related to the lake-river degree of connection and to water level rising after drought. The water lateral inflow from the river resulted in an increase in lake water volume, depth, and transparency and a decrease in water pH, alkalinity, and suspended solids. The lake with the wider river connection, more frequent biota exchange, and larger amount of particulate and dissolved materials was richer and more diverse, while rotifer density, biomass, and productivity were lower in both periods studied. Density, biomass, and secondary production were higher in the lake with the smaller river connection and the higher physical and chemical stability. Our results show that the connectivity affects the limnological stability, associated to seasonality. Stable conditions, caused by low connectivity in dry periods, were related with high density, biomass and secondary production. Conversely, instability conditions in rainy periods were associated to elevated richness and diversity values, caused by exchange biota due to higher connectivity.     

Formation of Massive Stars with High Accretion

We make models of the formation of massive stars by an accretion which is growing with the mass already accreted. These models are supported by several observations. They have implications for the IMF and the maximum stellar mass. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Phase shift interference microscope study of dissolution-precipitation processes of nonhydrostatically stressed halite crystals in solution

Halite single crystals in saturated solution were used to study dissolution precipitation creep (DPC) at conditions where plastic deformation is negligible. Specifically, the free unloaded surfaces of these crystals were investigated by a novel Linnik-based phase shift interference microscope. The method allows observations of the crystal surface in-situ and with an axial resolution in the nanometer scale. Transport phenomena in open systems, temperature gradients, and gradients in strain energy density were found to cause morphological changes on the free crystal surface by dissolution/reprecipitation. We did not find evidence for DPC by applying a homogeneous stress field to the crystal as long as plastic deformation was avoided. These findings suggest that deformation of rocks by DPC in situations where dislocation creep is not activated, but is rather promoted by fluid transport through the rock or by episodic changes of extensive parameters affecting solubility than by homogeneous stress alone.Editorial responsibility: J. Hoefs     

Nouvelles synthéses hydrothermales du zircon: substitutions isomorphiques; relation morphologie-milieu de croissance

Zircon has been synthesized from a large number of mineral salts and also from one organic compound of zirconium. Its crystallization requires an acid reactive environment.The obtained crystals have been studied morphologically and the crystallographic forms obtained are linked to the presence of specific ions.The study of substitutions in the zircon network shows that hydro-zircon αZr(SiO₄)_1?x(OH)_4x will form only when fluorine is present. Other varieties of the α and β phases ZrSiO₄ have been obtained, substituting Hf, U, for Zr, and Ge for Si and an immiscible α phase ThSiO₄.Germanium enters the zircon network only at low temperature. Uranium and Hf, but not Th, can substitute for Zr in zircon.     

Outline of the geology of the Cape Verde Archipelago

The Cape Verde Archipelago, totalling 4033km², lies some 460km WNW from Dakar, West Africa. Topography, relief and geomorphologic development enable the islands to be placed into two major groups, indicative of their respective ages.The islands are overwhelmingly of igneous constitution, with basic volcanics and pyroclastics comprising some 83% of the total area, and sedimentary rocks amounting to some 9%. Volcanics and plutonics are distinctly basic in character, the archipelago representing a soda-alkaline petrographic province, with a petrologic succession similar to that in other Atlantic islands.Rocks perhaps as old as the Mahn, most certainly Neocomian, are present in the island of Maio, and here are found the highest dips and greatest thicknesses of sedimentary rocks. Post-Aptian Cretaceous, Palaeogene and Neogene are only sporadically represented, and indeed it can be questioned wheter any sediments are of these ages.Fogo is an active volcano, last erupting in 1951. The 8 km diameter caldera, at an elevation of 1600 m with an interior cone rising to 2829 m, is thought to have resulted from subsidence of a large cylindrical block, the feeding magma chamber lying at a depth of some 8 km.The archipelago probably dates back some 180 m. y., with an older and younger volcanic episode, the latter probably of late Neogene times.

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Zusammenfassung Der Kapverden-Archipel, insgesamt 4033 km² umfassend, liegt ca. 460 km WNW von Dakar, Westafrika. Nach Topographie, Relief und geomorphologischer Entwicklung lassen sich die Inseln auf zwei größere Gruppen verteilen, die einen Hinweis auf ihr Alter geben.Die Insekt bestehen überwiegend aus Erstarrungsgesteinen. Aus basischen Ergußgesteinen und Tuffen sind gegen 83% der Gesamtfläche aufgebaut, während Sedimentgesteine etwa 9% bedecken. Erguß- und Tiefengesteine sind deutlich basischer Natur; die Inselgruppe bildet eine natron-alkalische petrographische Provinz mit einem Differentiationsverlauf ähnlich dem anderer atlantischer Vulkaninseln.Gesteine, vielleicht des Malms, sicher des Neokoms, finden sich auf der Insel Maio; sie zeigen das steilste Einfallen und die größten Mächtigkeiten unter den Sedimentgesteinen. Kreide jünger als Alb, Paläogen und Neogen sind nur sporadisch vertreten; die Existenz von Sedimenten dieses Alters kann vielleicht überhaupt in Zweifel gezogen werden.Fogo ist ein aktiver Vulkan; der letzte Ausbruch erfolgte 1951. Die in 1600 m Höhe gelegene Caldera mit 8 km Durchmesser, in der sich ein auf 2829 m ansteigender Innenkegel erhebt, wird auf das Einsinken eines großen zylindrischen Blocks zurückgeführt. Der Magmaherd dürfte in einer Tiefe von ca. 8 km liegen.Die Entstehung des Archipels begann wahrscheinlich vor etwa 180 Millionen Jahren. Seine Geschichte weist eine ältere und eine jüngere vulkanische Periode auf, die letztere wahrscheinlich spät-neogenen Alters.

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Résumé L'Archipel du Cap-Vert, qui se monte à 4033 km², se trouve à 460 km ONO de Dakar, l'Afrique Occidentale. La topographie, le relief et un développement géomorphologique nous permet à classer les îles en deux groupes principaux, indiquant leurs âges respectifs.Les îles sont composées principalement des roches ignées. Les roches volcaniques basiques et les roches pyroclastiques comprendent environ 83% de la superficie totale, tandis que les roches sédimentaires n'en causent qu'environ 9%. Les roches volcaniques et les roches plutoniques sont d'un caractère distinctivement basiques, l'archipel représentant une province pétrographique soude-alcaline, avec une suite pétrologique semblable à celle des autres îles atlantiques.Les roches, peut-être aussi vieilles que le Malm, mais certainement de l'âge Néocomien, sont présentes dans l'île de Maio, et ici se trouvent les plus hautes plongées et l'épaisseur maximum des roches sédimentaires. Le Crétacé post-Aptien, le Paléogène et le Néogène ne sont représentés que sporadiquement et même on n'est pas certain s'il y a des sédiments de ces âges.Fogo est un volcan actif, ayant fait sa dernière éruption en 1951. La caldéra, située à une hauteur de 1600 m, avec un diamètre de 8 km, et dans laquelle s'élève un cône intérieur d'une hauteur de 2829 m, est probablement le résultat de l'affaissement d'un grand bloc cylindrique, la chambre magmatique « fournissante » située à une profondeur de 8 km.La naissance de cet archipel remonte probablement à quelques 180 m. a. Son histoire montre une période volcanique ancienne et une période plus récente, celle-ci datant peut-être de l'époque néogène.

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