中亚地震目录震级转换及其完整性分析

为编制能够应用于地震危险性分析的中亚地区统一震级标度为矩震级的地震目录,从国际地震中心（ISC）下载得到该地区1907-2012年的地震数据,该数据包含众多机构不同震级标度的地震记录.以MW,GCMT为参考机构震级标度,并用最小二乘法拟合了其他机构震级标度与MW,GCMT之间的转换关系.在挑选某次地震事件的唯一震级记录时,以对应转换关系的相关系数大且剩余标准差小为准则进行筛选.对于少量没有震级转换关系或者拟合优度过差的地震记录,使用间接转换关系或者全球转换关系予以补充转换.震级转换后,用时空窗法删除前余震,并考虑构造环境和地震活动水平的空间差异性将研究区划分成5个子区域.采用地震记录时间累积曲线法、最大曲率法（MAXC）和拟合优度检验法（GFT）综合分析各个分区的最小完整震级（MC）,并在此基础上用极大似然法拟合相应的地震活动性参数.结果表明,每种完整性分析方法各具一定的优缺点,但采用综合分析的方法能够得出最佳的MC.地震记录时间累积曲线法能分析出高质量地震目录的起始时间,以作为后两种方法的基础,但容易受到地震活动水平随时间波动的影响.由于研究区目录质量较差,最大曲率法误差过大以至于只能作为其他方法的补充,拟合优度检验法的GFT参数也普遍只能达到80％左右.GFT最大值点可能并不对应MC,但是MC通常都在GFT极大值点取得.5个分区1964-2012年的MC普遍在Mw4.8左右,b值在1.136-1.514之间波动.     

Environmental significance of snowpit chemistry in the typical monsoonal temperate glacier region,Baishui glacier no. 1, Mt Yulong,China

Samples were collected from two snowpits in Baishui glacier no. 1, Mt Yulong, China, in May 2006. Snowpit chemistry was studied, using ion tracer techniques, HYSPLIT model, factor analysis, correlation and trend analysis. It indicated that total cation concentration is higher in 4,900-m snowpit than in 4,750-m snowpit, whereas total anion concentration is higher in 4,750-m snowpit. Cations, especially Ca²⁺, dominate ionic concentrations in Baishui glacier no. 1. According to correlation analysis and factor analysis, ions can be categorized as follows: Cl⁻ and NO₃ ⁻ as Group 1, SO₄ ²⁻ as Group 2, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ as Group 3, Na⁺ as Group 4, K⁺ as Group 5. Contribution made by terrestrial dust to ionic concentration accounts for 52.27, 100, 99.36, 98.91, 96.16 and 99.97% of Cl⁻, NO₃ ⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺, respectively, in 4,900-m snowpit, and for 64.00, 100, 99.57, 98.63, 96.25 and 99.97% in 4,750-m snowpit. Local dust is the principal source of snowpit chemical components. Pollutants brought from industrial areas of South Asia, Southeast Asia and South China by monsoonal circulation also makes some contribution to anion concentrations, but pollution associated with human activities makes a very slight contribution in study area. The chemical characteristics of two snowpits are different owing to the difference of deposition mechanism and local environment in different altitudes.     

龙门山中央断裂北川－邓家一带古地震初步研究

龙门山断裂带是否存在类似汶川5.12大地震的地质记录,是地震科学工作者所关注的科学问题之一。处于中央断裂带中段和北段分界地区的北川－邓家一带,古地震研究对认识整个龙门山断裂带的大地震复发特征有重要意义。沿北川－邓家地震地表破裂带,可能有过早期活动,并兼顾是否有较多细粒第四纪沉积物,以便能较清晰地分析、判断古地震事件以及采集测年样品,所以我们在沙坝1组、和尚坪和邓家海光6组等3个地点开挖了4个探槽,并进行了断错地貌的实测,发现了该地区明显的古地震遗迹,以及该地区特殊的正断层地表破裂样式。通过探槽和实测地貌情况与前人在龙门山中央和前山断裂带的古地震研究结果的对比分析,结果显示该地区至少发生过两次地震事件(包括5.12地震事件在内),与龙门山中央和前山断裂大部分地点已揭露的古地震事件相吻合。而通过对该地区地貌侵蚀特征与地震陡坎的高度变化分析,可以得出该地区之前的地震事件与5.12地震的大小相近。     

高陡复杂露天矿边坡地应力场分区非线性反演分析

地应力是边坡稳定性分析的重要因素。在杏山铁矿露天高陡边坡实测地应力数据的基础上,采用多元线性回归方法,在充分考虑岩体自重与构造应力影响的情况下,对5类11种边界条件工况进行了有限差分FLAC3D的模拟加载,反演得出研究区域内的地应力场。鉴于该方法只能对地应力场进行线性和全区反演,这对内部结构极其复杂、矿区内各个区域岩性和地形差异较大的金属矿山矿体显然是不够准确的。为了克服以上缺陷,采用了非线性的神经网络反演方法,并根据岩体的岩性分布和地形起伏将整个矿区划分为5个分区,通过引入侧压力系数k0实现分区域反演,从而得到整个矿区的地应力场。研究表明,在复杂地质条件下,神经网络方法反演出的初始地应力分布更加合理。     

北京周口店地区岩石地层及沉积序列和沉积环境恢复

周口店地区地处华北板块的腹地,其地层序列发育齐全,在华北地区具有代表性。但受后期变质、构造和岩浆作用的影响,该区整个地层序列都受到不同程度的强烈变质和变形改造,给相关地质学研究造成很大困难。借助于北京市邻区相应地层的对照分析,尝试恢复周口店地区各时代强烈变质变形的沉积地层序列,分析其沉积环境,并对有关地层单元进行系统清理,在新的国际年代地层框架内重新厘定了周口店地区的地层格架。周口店地区沉积地层序列和古环境重建结果表明:该区一直处于一种比较特殊的沉积古地理位置,其可能与该区后期独特的重大构造和变质变形活动有关联。     

Distribution and controlling factors of phytoplankton assemblages in a semi-enclosed bay during spring and summer

The phytoplankton assemblages' patterns and their correlation to environmental factors were studied in Bohai Bay during spring and summer. Two zones, the northern (NWA) and southern (SWA) water area, were identified by cluster analysis based on their physical and chemical properties. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that more phytoplankton species was found in the SWA with low nutrient concentration, while high phytoplankton abundance occurred in the NWA with high nutrient concentration. The seasonal variability in phytoplankton can be explained by water temperature, nutrient, and hydrodynamic conditions (includes mixing during spring and stratification during summer). Results of redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that silicate (SiO(4)) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) were the most important environmental factors influencing the phytoplankton distribution during spring and summer, respectively. Hydrodynamics condition plays a key role in controlling variation of the environmental factors, which determined phytoplankton distribution in Bohai Bay.     

RC框架结构抗震目标性能水平确定方法研究

在基于性能抗震设计中,要求实现多级设防,目的是使结构抗震设计不仅要保护生命安全,同时也要控制因结构破坏而带来的经济损失,使结构在整个生命周期内费用达到最小。但由于结构抗震设计中存在着大量的不确定因素,使得实现每个性能水平都是不确定的,因此,每个性能水平的目标可靠度究竟取多高才能达到设计要求,是目前抗震设计的一个基本问题。针对这一问题,将地震作用、自重荷载、材料强度等看作随机变量,分析了结构造价与失效概率之间的近似关系,明确了不同性能水平失效概率之间的合理比例关系,采用"投资-效益"准则,且控制人员伤亡率小于社会可接受水平,来确定结构的目标性能水平。以两个钢筋混凝土框架结构为例,说明了该方法的应用。     

利用MODIS产品和DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据监测城市扩张

选用多时序MODIS数据产品和晚间灯光指数数据,采用CART数据挖掘方法和改进的Niblack 阈值分割技术,对2001-2010 年之间的浙江省城市扩张情况开展了动态监测。结果显示：在多时序数据信息挖掘的基础上,利用区域灯光指数局部阈值,可以有效地分割城镇和非城镇类型,从而提高城镇专题信息提取的精度;从2001 年到2010 年,浙江省城市扩张迅速,年平均扩张速度为297.35 km²/a,平均扩张速度以余杭、萧山和绍兴为中心,以宁波和瑞安为次中心递减;扩张强度最大的是衢县,其次是开化县和海宁市。以杭州为例分析城市扩张的空间特征,其城市空间紧凑度从0.38 上升到了0.48,空间结构趋于紧凑;城市中心向西北方向移动了约3km,揭示着其向西北方向扩展的主要趋势。     

2012年6月30日新疆新源-和静MS6.6地震序列震源机制解?

In this article,we use the CAP method to invert the focal mechanism of Xinyuan-Hejing M S6. 6 earthquake on June 30,2012. Our result shows that the best double couple solution of the M S6. 6 event is 299°,68° and 164° for strike,dip and rake angles respectively. The other nodal plane is 35°,75° and 23°. The azimuth and dip angle of the P-axis are 166°and 5°,those of the T-axis are 258° and 26°. The moment magnitude is 6. 3. The estimated focal depth is about 21 km. The predominant rupture direction of this seismic sequence is NWW. The dip angles are between 60° and 90°. The rake angles are in the majority of ± 180°± 30°. The predominant strike of the azimuthal angle of the P-axis is near NS and T-axis is near EW. Preliminary analysis indicates that nodal plane I is the seismogenic fault,which is a NWW-trending,nearly upright left-lateral strike-slip fault.The displacement property,the principal compressive stress of this M S6. 6 earthquake and the P-axis preponderant orientation of this seismic sequence agree with the characteristics of the tectonic stress field of the focal area and its surroundings.