美国1987—1990年的大气电动力学

一、引言在1980年代后半期,对传统上的对流层电动力学和电离层电动力学的跨学科研究工作已有所加强。已有证据表明,雷暴电动力学对于中间层和电离层很重要。现在,我们对于电离层和磁层电流系统的下突情况的了解逐渐增多,对于覆盖了一些人称之为未知层的某个区域的中层大气电动力学的认识也     

地闪定向仪（DF）的测站定向误差及应用

由于地闪定向仪(DF)网络已广泛使用,而国内目前又无方便有效的定向误差估计方法,本文试图用气象台站资料寻找一种方便可行的定性判断方法,并给出测站可能的定向误差分布图。同时,我们还用DF网络的资料作了包括其工作范围内的雷暴日和落雷密度在内的统计分析,得到的落雷密度在考虑实际情况后与用其它方法得到的结果相吻合。     

Use of N stable isotope and microbial analyses to define wastewater influence in Mobile Bay, AL

We assessed short-term ecological and potential human health effects of wastewater treatment plant (WTP) effluent by measuring δ¹⁵N‰ and microbial concentrations in oysters and suspended particulate matter (SPM). We also tested male-specific bacteriophage (MSB) as an alternative to fecal coliforms, to assess potential influence of wastewater contamination on shellfish. WTP effluent did not affect oyster growth or survival, but SPM and oysters acquired wastewater-specific δ¹⁵N‰. δ¹⁵N values were depleted near the WTP, typical of low-level processed wastewater. Fecal coliform and MSB concentrations were higher in samples taken closest to the WTP, and MSB values were significantly correlated with δ¹⁵N‰ in oyster tissues. Overall, oysters demonstrated relatively rapid integration and accumulation of wastewater-specific δ¹⁵N‰ and indicator microorganisms compared to water samples. These data suggest oysters were superior sentinels compared to water, and MSB was a more reliable indicator of wastewater influence on shellfish than fecal coliforms.     

STUDY ON RAINFALL MEASUREMENT AND RAINDROP SPECTRA WITH THE DIFFERENTIAL REFLECTIVITY Z_(DR)TECHNIQUE OF A DUAL LINEAR POLARIZATION RADAR

In this paper,it is shown that the differential reflectivity Z_(DR) is related to drop sizedistribution(DSD)and the spectral shape variation of different truncated diameters.Z_(DR) is asensitive function to variation of DSD of the spectra.The effects of shape variation of DSD onrainfall can be deduced with a(Z_H,Z_(DR))dual-parameter technique,which is effective to improvethe accuracy of rainfall measurement and is of the priority of identifying large particles ofhydrometeors(especially hailstone)from the rain region.     

一次冷涡天气系统中雹暴过程的地闪特征分析

利用地面雷电定位系统、多普勒雷达和卫星观测资料,对2002年6月1日山东地区冷涡天气系统下的3个雹暴过程的地闪特征进行了详细分析,结果表明,在同样的天气条件下,产生冰雹的3个强雷暴在不同的发展阶段表现出明显不同的地闪分布特征。通过云图和地闪资料的综合分析发现,地闪主要出现在云顶亮温低于-50℃的云区内,其中负地闪分布比较集中,且偏向云顶亮温水平梯度大的一边,而正地闪则分布比较分散。地闪主要发生在大于40 dBz的区域内,负地闪通常簇集在强回波区(大于50 dBz)或邻近区域,有时密集的正地闪也出现在强回波区或临近区域,但稀疏的正地闪通常发生在强回波外围10-30 dBz的范围内,属于稳定性降水区。结合地面降雹观测资料发现降雹发生在正地闪比较活跃的阶段,正地闪频数峰值略微超前降雹时刻。比较密集的正地闪发生,通常预示着强对流天气(如冰雹、大风等)的发生。强雷暴在发展旺盛阶段通常表现的低地闪频数,可能是由“电荷抬升机制”造成的。     

青海地区闪电回击通道的温度特性

用无狭缝摄谱仪获得了青海高原地区云对地闪电回击过程的光谱,在谱线辨认和光谱特征分析的基础上,根据光谱线相对强度和跃迁参数值,用多谱线法,对回击通道不同高度处的温度进行了定量分析。结果表明,通道温度与闪电放电的强度密切相关,一般情况下,闪电放电过程越强,对应的通道温度越高;对通道不同高度处的数据分析发现,同一回击的通道温度随高度的增加略呈减小趋势。