北京城区相继多次降雹的一次强雷暴的闪电特征

受东北冷涡和低层暖湿气流影响,2016年6月10日北京午后爆发了相继5次降冰雹的一次强雷暴天气过程。利用国家“973”项目“雷电重大灾害天气系统的动力—微物理—电过程和成灾机理（雷暴973）”2016年夏季协同观测期间获得的闪电全闪三维定位和多普勒天气雷达等资料,详细分析了此次雹暴的闪电活动和雷达回波特征。此次雹暴过程包括三个孤立的单体相继发展、并合,所分析的4次降雹过程中,总闪电频数在降雹期间都有明显增多,最高可达179 flashes min?1。云闪占全部闪电的80%以上,其中3次降雹前出现正地闪突增,其比例升高,占全部地闪的比例最高达58%。降雹时雷达回波>45 dBZ的面积增大,顶高超过13 km。整个雹暴过程,闪电辐射源主要分布在6～10 km的高度区域,与强回波具有一致性。所分析的4次降雹过程均出现明显的总闪频数跃增,并通过2σ阈值检验,其中3次提前时间为8～18 min,说明总闪频数对于降雹过程有一定的预警能力。     

亚洲季风区深对流系统的区域分布和日变化特征

利用TRMM卫星12年的观测资料,分析了亚洲季风区20dBZ回波顶高大于14km的深对流系统的分布特征,结合NCEP再分析资料对深对流系统的空间分布特征成因进行了探讨,并对不同地形条件下的深对流系统进行了对比研究.结果表明,深对流系统主要发生在陆地上,夏季风爆发前,深对流系统主要分布在20°N以南;季风爆发后,深对流系统的分布向中纬度地区发展并以青藏高原南麓地区最活跃.青藏高原上的深对流系统的发生频数较中国中东部高,但水平尺度小,对流强度较弱,而中国中东部地区的深对流系统虽然发生频数较低但对流强,且闪电频数大.洋面上的深对流系统表现为最小红外亮温小（对应云顶高）,40dBZ回波最大面积比陆地上大但出现高度较低,闪电频数少.陆地上的深对流系统主要集中发生在午后至午夜,青藏高原上的深对流更加集中的发生在午后至傍晚,海洋上发生在凌晨至日出前的深对流系统较其他时段多,但日变化幅度不大,热带海洋性大陆深对流的日变化与大陆上类似.     

Nitrogen loading to Pleasant Bay, Cape Cod: application of models and stable isotopes to detect incipient nutrient enrichment of estuaries

To test and refine methods to detect nutrient enrichment and resulting eutrophication, we applied the Waquoit Bay nitrogen loading model (NLM) and Estuarine loading model (ELM) to estuaries of Pleasant Bay that receive increasing but low N loads (25-199 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)) from land. Contributions of wastewater to these estuaries increased from 7% to 63% as N loads increased, and modeled estimates of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in the water were within approximately 27% of measured values. N isotopic signatures in suspended and benthic organic matter and in tissue of quahogs increased as wastewater contributions to N loads increased, with clams approximately 4 per thousand heavier than organic matter, indicating that even at these low N loads, N from land-derived sources moved detectably up the food web. These results extend the application of NLM and ELM to detect incipient levels of N enrichment and demonstrate that these models can be used in conjunction with isotope measurements as the basis for food web analyses in a system exposed to relatively lower N loads than previously studied.     

雷暴云下地闪先导通道中的电荷分布

利用不荷电双向传输先导模型 ,考虑近地面空间电荷层对地表垂直电场的影响和云电荷的转移 ,在一定的雷暴云电荷结构假定下 ,对地闪先导通道中的电荷分布进行了模拟计算。结果表明 ,先导接地瞬间通道上的平均电荷密度约为 1.5× 10 - 3C·m- 1 ,通道中的总电荷量约为 14 .8C ,其中平均感应电荷密度仅占总电荷密度的 2 0 % ,约为 0 .34× 10 - 3C·m- 1 ,先导通道中的电荷主要来源于云中电荷的转移     

平凉冰雹云回波特征分析

用大量实测冰雹云过程回波资料,根据地面降雹大小和灾情统计资料,分析了200多例不同冰雹云的回波顶高、回波面积随反射率Ze变化的回波特征参量和各高度层反射率强度分布结构模型。表明在不同的冰雹云过程中,Ze≥30dBz的回波特征参量有明显差别,用这些强回波特征参量对认识强对流云的演变过程和识别冰雹有较大优势。     

雷暴下的电流密度测量和准稳态特性讨论

利用电场和麦克斯韦电流密度的同时测量，对雷暴下闪电间的麦克斯韦电流密度的准稳态特性进行了验证，并利用实验观测和模式计算相结合的方法，对传导电流、位移电流和电晕电流的相对重要性作了估计。     

National and regional population trends in the USSR, 1979-89: preliminary results from the 1989 census

"This article investigates national, macroregional, and economic regional population trends in the USSR during the 1979-89 intercensal period based on preliminary results from the 1989 census. The national total population growth rate during 1979-89 was roughly similar to that of 1970-79. However, the urban growth and urbanization processes slowed, while the rate of rural population change increased due chiefly to reduced rural-urban migration. Regional variations in rates of total, urban, and rural population change generally resembled those of 1970-79. Central Asia continued to exhibit the most rapid overall growth, although Siberia experienced a resurgence."     

Economic region net migration patterns in the USSR: 1979-89

"This article investigates economic region net migration patterns in the USSR during the 1979-89 intercensal period. Net in-migration and net migration rate increases (compared to 1970-79) occurred in both the western and eastern portions of the Northern USSR region, while net out-migration and rate declines occurred throughout the Southern USSR. Net in-migration again occurred to Siberia, especially Tyumen' Oblast, and there was a reduced rate of net out-migration from the Nonchernozem Zone and Central Chernozem Region of European RSFSR."     

初夏季风期中国大陆上热量与水汽的收支

利用天气尺度的控空与地面资料来计算１９８７、１９８８处１９８９年梅雨期前与梅雨期中国大陆上的热源与水汽汇。