地表弱活动断裂6～7级地震中长期预测技术要点与案例解析

6～7级地震地表位错量往往很小甚至不断错地表,其发震断裂很容易被误判为非全新世活动断裂而导致其未来强震危险性被忽视.对此,文中特提出未来可能发生6～7级地震的地表弱活动断裂类型.甄别地表弱活动断裂是6～7级地震中长期预测技术的关键,技术要点是:在目标断裂所属构造系统的发震能力判定基础上,构建起目标断裂与同一构造背景中具历史地震记载或古地震地质记录的活动断裂之间的某种联系.实际案例解析结果表明,同一级次相似构造、同一构造系统不同孕震构造单元,以及特定构造过程中不同阶段构造级次的类比,是地表弱活动断裂6～7级地震中长期预测较为有效的技术方法.昆明市普渡河-西山断裂、龙门山断裂带北段汉中盆地活动构造系和南段大川-双石断裂为地表弱活动断裂,潜在震级6.5～7.0,陇县-宝鸡断裂带的桃园-龟川寺、固关-虢镇以及陇县-岐山-马召断裂潜在震级依次为6.0 ～6.5、6.5 ～7.0、7.5级左右.     

ICP-OES法测定渣驯中9种金属元素

采用两种不同的分解方法处理渣驯样品,用ICP-OES法测定了样品中Al、Ba、Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Ni、Sr元素的含量,并进行比较。结果表明,两种不同的分解方法所测定的金属元素含量基本相一致,相对误差都小于5%。说明两种分解方法所建立的分析方法都能准确、快速测定Al、Ba、Ca等9种金属元素,是值得推荐的有效测定方法。     

台风暴雨过程中位势散度波作用密度分析和预报应用研究

在位涡的基础上,考虑散度效应,把水平风矢量旋转90°后的旋度在广义位温梯度方向上的投影定义为位势散度,并把其二阶扰动量定义为位势散度波作用密度,该波作用密度代表扰动热量的扰动输送,与位势稳定度的发展演变有关.登陆台风Morakot(2009)的诊断分析表明,在台风登陆台湾岛,进入台湾海峡和登陆大陆三个阶段,波作用密度高值区与大陆和台湾降水区相重叠,扰动热量的扰动输送显著;在前两个阶段,大陆和台湾降水区波作用密度逐渐增大,扰动热量的扰动输送逐步增强;在台风登陆福建霞浦市后,大陆地区波作用密度减小,扰动热量的扰动输送减弱.在影响波作用密度局地变化的诸多物理因素中,扰动非地转风位涡项是主要强迫项.统计分析表明,波作用密度与观测降水有一定的相关性,据此发展了位势散度波作用密度降水预报方程,其本质是数值模式预报资料的动力延伸释用,预报应用表明,利用24 h模式预报场计算的波作用密度降水能够较好地再现观测降水的落区,对台风Morakot引发的暴雨有一定的预报技巧.     

新疆“三网一员”宏观异常测报系统建设

介绍了新疆“三网一员”宏观异常测报系统的建立及基本情况。通过总结新源—和静Ms6．6地震宏观异常测报工作,发现了运行过程中存在的突出问题。《新疆宏观测报日常管理与应用系统》的应用与推广,可以克服对宏观测报点信息与异常信息掌握不及时、不完整的问题。     

Paleoseismic ruptures and evolution of a small triangular pull-apart basin on the Zemuhe fault

Trenching is a primary technique on paleoseismology to reveal evidence of surface deformation produced by large earthquakes.A good trenching site requires completeness of geologic recording on paleoseismic events and corresponding reliable dating from radiocarbon samples.Based on three-dimension trenching,we show a structure of a small triangular pull-apart basin at the Daqingliangzi section on the Zemuhe fault,then explore interrelation between paleoseismic surface rupturing and evolution of the pull-apart basin,and give a corresponding identification model.Sedimentary boundary of the pull-apart basin is tightly bounded by two branch faults,which produced multiple paleoseismic events with deformation of some large fissures in sequence.Strata are thinner at north of the pull-apart basin,however thicker at south.These above characteristics show that evolution of the pull-apart basin is a continuous sedimentation process accompanying extensional deformation produced by multiple paleoseismic events.Small pull-apart basins are favorable sites for trenching and paleoseismic study on active strike-slip faults.     

贵州洞穴盲副鳅一新种

描记采于贵州茂兰自然保护区一洞穴的盲副鳅一新种,命名为茂兰盲副鳅Paracobitis maolanensisLi,RanetChen sp nov。该种与产于该县的长须盲副鳅Paracobitis longibarbatusChen,YangetSket(1998)的区别为:①口须纤弱而不是发达;②鼻瓣不成须状;而不是鼻瓣发育成鼻须。③胸鳍较长,后伸接近腹鳍起点且形态特殊;④尾鳍深叉;⑤臀鳍条ii,5;而不是ii,6。新种与分布于广西的后鳍盲副鳅Paracobitis posterodarsalusLi,RaoetChen的区别为:①背鳍起点与腹鳍起点相对;而不是在整个腹鳍之后;②口须纤弱鼻瓣不呈鼻须;而不是口须发达,鼻瓣发育成鼻须;③背鳍条iii,8;而不是iii,6;④臀鳍条ii,5;而不是ii,4;⑤胸鳍长而形态特殊。     

Climate and environment on the Karelian Isthmus, northwestern Russia, 13000-9000 cal. yrs BP

Sediment sequences retrieved from Lake Medvedevskoye (60°13'N; 29°54'E) and Lake Pastorskoye (60°13'N; 30°02'E), Karelian Isthmus, northwestern Russia, were analysed for lithology, pollen and diatom stratigraphy, total organic carbon content and mineral magnetic parameters. Age control for both sequences was provided by AMS ¹⁴C measurements and the Vedde Ash tephra. The reconstructed climatic and environmental development shows the deglaciation of the sites and the establishment of sparse shrub and herb/grass vegetation before 12650 cal. yrs BP ('Allerød'; GI-1a). Steppe tundra and cold, dry conditions prevailed until about 11000 cal. yrs BP, i.e. throughout the 'Younger Dryas' (GS-1) and the earliest Holocene. The establishment of open Picea-Pinus-Betula forest around the lakes at about 11 000 cal. yrs BP coincides with the first distinct change towards gradually warmer and more humid climatic conditions. Boreal forest with Picea, Pinus, Betula, Alnus incana and Corylus was present at the lower altitude site between c. 10700 and 10200 cal. yrs BP, while open Betula-Pinus forest continued to dominate the vegetation around the higher altitude site. After a short, possibly colder, phase around 10200-10000 cal. yrs BP, which is expressed by a marked reduction in vegetation cover and decreased lake productivity, climatic conditions became significantly warmer and possibly more humid. Boreal forest with Pinus, Betula, Picea, Alnus incana, Corylus and Ulmus became widespread in the region after 10000 cal. yrs BP. The delayed environmental response of the lakes and their catchment to hemispheric warming at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary may be explained by a sustained blocking of westerly air masses due to the presence of the Scandinavian ice sheet and associated strengthened easterlies and anticy-clonic circulation and/or extensive permafrost.     

周庵铜镍-铂族矿床锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及Sr-Nd同位素特征:对周庵基性-超基性岩体及矿床成因的探讨

周庵铜镍铂族矿床位于南秦岭构造带北缘,商丹断裂带南侧。岩体隐伏于新生代沉积物和中元古代大雀山组地层之下,主要由二辉橄榄岩组成,见有少量纯橄榄岩、角闪岩、辉长岩,岩体大部分经受了蛇纹石化、次闪石化、绿泥石化等蚀变作用,矿体主要赋存于周庵岩体与大雀山组地层的内接触带。对辉长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年表明周庵岩体形成于621±1.5Ma,形成时代为新元古代晚期。Sr-Nd同位素测试得到的Sm-Nd等时线年龄为622±59Ma,与锆石U-Pb年龄一致。(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_t=0.705726~0.706655,(~(147)Nd/~(144)Nd)_t=0.511730~0.511863,ε_(Nd)(t)=-2.05~0.55,显示弱富集的特征。超基性岩主量元素含量显示岩体m/f值为4.47~4.99,为铁质超基性岩,Cu、Ni含量与烧失量之间没有相关关系。矿石和不含矿岩体具相同的稀土元素配分模式,显示轻稀土富集,具弱的正Eu异常。微量元素特征显示Rb、Pb强烈富集,Nb、Ta相对亏损,说明岩浆受到了地壳物质的混染。综合分析认为周庵岩体形成与新元古代晚期,岩浆来源于软流圈地幔,代表Rodinia超大陆裂解事件在南秦岭的地质记录。岩浆侵位时受到了地壳物质的强烈混染,利用Nd同位素估算得混染程度为18.57%,这可能是促发岩浆体系达到硫饱和而发生金属硫化物熔离的主要因素。     

四川暴雨过程动力因子指示意义与预报意义研究

本文利用2010年8月18~19日四川盆地西部地区一次引发了泥石流等次生灾害的暴雨天气过程的数值模拟资料及0.5°×0.5°分辨率、每6 h一次的GFS(Global Forecast Model)预报资料,结合集合动力因子预报系统中的广义对流涡度矢量垂直分量、质量散度、垂直螺旋度、质量垂直螺旋度、水汽垂直螺旋度、热力垂直螺旋度、湿热力平流参数、密度散度垂直通量、散度垂直通量、热力散度垂直通量、水汽散度通量、广义 Q 矢量散度等12个动力因子成员对此次暴雨过程进行诊断分析和预报研究,结果显示:(1)集合动力因子预报系统中的动力因子对此次降水落区诊断效果良好;(2)各动力因子区域均值随时间的变化曲线都能表现出降水区域均值随时间变化曲线双峰形态,其中,广义 Q 矢量散度、水汽垂直螺旋度、热力垂直螺旋度、质量垂直螺旋度、垂直螺旋度与降水的相关系数较大(达0.9以上),对此次降水的诊断效果较好;(3)动力因子对此次强降水过程的发展演变具有一定的预报能力。     

TGQ背包式取样钻机的研制

目前在普查踏勘阶段,地质工作者要求随时随地取样,迫切地需要迁移便捷、快速钻进、高效高质的便携式取样钻机。本文介绍了研制的TGQ背包式取样钻机的参数、特点及试验情况。该钻机体积小、质量轻、结构设计合理,具有高、低两挡转速,可以实现金刚石钻进、螺旋钻进工艺,可以进行斜孔钻进取心,可以解决复杂地层的取样问题。钻具采用高强度的材料,钻杆采用插装式快速连接结构,提高了加减钻杆的效率。钻机的研制打破了国外背包式轻便钻机对我国市场的垄断。