The δ60/58Ni Values of Twenty‐Six Selected Geological Reference Materials

The high‐precision δ^60/58Ni values of twenty‐six geological reference materials, including igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, stream sediments, soils and plants are reported. The δ^60/58Ni values of all samples were determined by double‐spike MC‐ICP‐MS (Nu Plasma III). Isotope standard solution (NIST SRM 986) and geological reference materials (BHVO‐2, BCR‐2, JP‐1, PCC‐1, etc.) were used to evaluate the measurement bias and intermediate precision over a period of six months. Our results show that the intermediate precision of Ni isotope determination was 0.05‰ (2s, n = 69) for spiked NIST SRM 986 and typically 0.06‰ for actual samples, and the δ^60/58Ni _{NIST SRM 986} values were in excellent agreement with previous studies. Eighteen high‐precision Ni isotope ratios of geological reference materials are first reported here, and their δ^60/58Ni values varied from ?0.27‰ to 0.52‰, with a mean of 0.13 ± 0.34‰ (2s, n = 18). Additionally, SGR‐1b (0.56 ± 0.04‰, 2s), GSS‐1 (?0.27 ± 0.06‰, 2s), GSS‐7 (?0.11 ± 0.01‰, 2s), GSD‐10 (0.46 ± 0.06‰, 2s) and GSB‐12 (0.52 ± 0.06‰, 2s) could potentially serve as candidate reference materials for Ni isotope fractionation and comparison of Ni isotopic compositions among different laboratories.     

泥页岩裂缝研究进展

国内外大量泥岩裂缝油气藏不断发现和近年来北美地区页岩气勘探获得的巨大成功表明,泥页岩裂缝的研究尤为重要.在对国内外泥页岩裂缝研究成果全面系统调研和详细深入分析总结的基础上,认为与其他岩石类型的储层相比,塑性相对较大的泥页岩储层在裂缝类型与成因、裂缝识别方法、裂缝参数估算、裂缝分布预测等方面既有共性也有其特殊性.依据成因...     

Advances of Soil Microbiology in the Last Decade in China

Soils are fundamental to preservation and sustainability of life-support system on Earth. Soils develop as the most dynamic and complex interface linking atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. Soils harbor enormous diversities of microbial communities as the primary driving forces for global exchanges of matter and energy on our planet. Despite of its profound importance, the invisible soil microbes have for long been underappreciated. In the early 2000s, there has been growing awareness that soil microbiology has attracted huge interest from nonsoil scientists due to the introduction of three domain phylogeny. It is also known as tree of life theory which is widely recognized as the most accurate reflection of the relatedness of all organisms and provides us with a tool to classify and elucidate the largely untapped resource of soil microbial communities. In January 2005, the Department of Earth Sciences of National Natural Science Foundation of China organized a workshop of ‘Soil Biology and Soil Processes’ with focused discussion on soil microbiology research frontiers. The workshop outlined research priorities, cross disciplinary research opportunities, technological needs and potential breakthroughs within soil microbiology. This workshop has witnessed the rapid advances of soil microbiology in soil nutrient transformation, global environmental changes and environmental remediation over the last decade in China. This article will give a brief review on soil microbial researches in the past decade in China, present the status quo of funding system and highlight the challenge and opportunities for future soil microbiology in China.     

Geophysical constraints on mesozoic disruption of North China Craton by underplating‐triggered lower‐crust flow of the Archaean lithosphere

The mechanism of the disruption, both lithospheric thinning and oceanization of the commonly accepted long‐term‐stable Archaean craton, is still an open question. The available models, all imply a bottom to top process. With the construction of a 1660‐km‐long transect across the eastern North China Craton (NCC), we demonstrate that both the P‐wave velocity and density in the lowermost crust beneath the central section are significantly higher than in the corresponding parts of the south and north sections on the transect. These features are interpreted as geophysical signature of lower crustal underplating, which supplies sufficiently high gravitational potential energy to trigger lateral flow of the lower crust. This magma underplating‐triggered bilateral lower crust flow may facilitate the lithospheric thinning by means of asthenosphere upwelling and decompression melting, which infill the gap produced by the lower crust flow. The underplating‐triggered lower crustal flow can provide an alternative mechanism to explain the NCC lithosphere disruption, which highlights the crustal feedback to Archaean lithosphere disruption, from top to bottom.     

岱海14 C测年的现代碳库效应研究*

碳库效应的复杂性是影响建立湖泊沉积物高精度年代序列的一大障碍。本项研究通过我国内蒙古半干旱区封闭湖泊表层沉积物、湖水、现生沉水植物狐尾藻、现生鲤鱼鱼骨和湖岸表层土壤等一系列样品的¹⁴ C年代测定,表明现代岱海确实存在碳库效应。碳库效应年龄因湖水盐度在湖区的不均而有所变化,岱海西部湖区弓坝河径流补给量大,湖水盐度较东部稍低,碳库效应年龄也略小于东部湖区。表层沉积物中有机质包含浮游生物和沉水植物的混合信息,因而其碳库效应年龄较沉水植物年龄轻,岱海湖心表层沉积物碳库效应年龄在2000a左右。这一碳库效应年龄较通过沉积钻孔¹⁴ C年龄线性回归获得的年龄偏大,可能的原因是在时间序列上碳库效应并非恒定。     

珠江三角洲中部子平原形成演变机理研究——以大鳌平原为例

海侵盛期以来珠江三角洲的形成演进受到原始地貌的控制,潮汐动力和河流作用被复杂的地貌单元分割和重塑。珠江三角洲中部平原依据其演进过程的空间位置和边界,相关的动力系统可以分成若干子平原,分别是番禺平原、顺德平原和大鳌平原。文章着重报道大鳌平原海侵盛期以来的形成演变机理的研究成果。基于收集的1700余个各类钻孔资料和本课题野外钻取的18个钻孔,进行了210个\{14 C\}测年和沉积物粒度等相关分析,应用本课题开发的PRD-LTMM长周期'动力-沉积-形态’模型计算6000年以来的古珠江河口湾的流场、泥沙浓度场、冲淤厚度和岸线演变,以及对上述结果的地貌动力分析,揭示了大鳌子平原各主要沉积体的形成演变过程以及沉积动力机理。结果表明:1)大鳌子平原是外部海洋和河流等动力经过古磨刀门、古横门和五桂山所改造的复杂地貌动力环境下形成的; 2)大鳌子平原可以依据其沉积动力结构进一步分成至少3个主要的动力沉积单元,分别是古磨刀门大鳌沙涨潮三角洲、五桂山北麓边沿沉积体和磨刀门-古横门汇潮点沉积体; 3)3000~2500aB.P.的短暂高海面,导致古海湾纳潮量相应增大,出现大鳌沙第2次高沉积期。反映了局部小尺度动力结构与三角洲地形演进及海洋动力变化的密切互动关系。     

三门组的内涵及其意义

黄河三门峡水库北岸的山西省平陆县黄底沟剖面,较完整地保存着古三门湖湖相沉积记录。经磁性地层研究结果表明,古三门湖沉积起始于吉尔伯特负极性时中期,大约在5MaB.P.;结束于布容正极性时晚期,结合热释光年龄,大约在150kaB.P.。鉴于这套地层均属古三门湖沉积地层,按照岩石地层学的命名原则,依然称之为三门组,并根据岩性特征自上而下划分为三段:上段以砂层为主;中段以粘土层为主;下段为底砾石层。黄底沟剖面是已知的记录古三门湖发育起始时间最早、结束年代最晚的地层剖面     

Grain size and geochemistry of surface sediments in northwestern continental shelf of the South China Sea

Eighty-six surface sediments collected from the northwestern continental shelf of the South China Sea (SCS) were analyzed for grain size distribution, calcium carbonate, organic carbon, and major and trace element compositions to investigate sediment provenance and factors controlling their geochemical composition. Sediments from the eastern continental shelf of Hainan Island have higher sand and lower clay content, while the samples from the nearshore Hainan Island have higher contents of gravel and clay. Calcium carbonate contents in samples show a positive correlation with water depth in northwestern shelf of SCS, suggesting that it is related to biological factors. However, the nearshore sediments have higher contents of organic carbon compared to those of the outer shelf, possibly suggesting that the terrigenous organic matter usually deposited in nearshore environments such as bays and estuaries. Compared with the upper continental crust, the samples have relatively lower contents of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃, higher than those of the Pearl and Red river sediments. The low contents of K₂O and Na₂O in sediments from the northwestern continental shelf are consistent with intense chemical weathering in the river basin due to the seasonally hot and humid climate regime. The sediments mainly consist of three components, including the gravel fraction composed of calcareous debris, the sand fraction composed of quartz, and the silt and clay fractions mainly composed of clay minerals. The content of each component depends on grain size, sediment source, biogenesis, and hydrodynamic conditions, which finally controls the chemical composition of the sediments. The distributions of Co/Al₂O₃, Cr/Al₂O₃, and Zr/Sc ratios for sediments in the northwestern continental shelf suggest that source rocks are mainly composed of felsic rocks rather than mafic rocks. There is a distinct difference in sediment source between eastern and western shelf sediments; the eastern shelf sediments are characterized by high Zr/Sc ratios mainly derived from the Pearl River, while the western shelf sediments have relatively low values of Zr/Sc indicating a main contribution possibly sourced from the Red River Basin. Terrigenous materials from Hainan Island usually influence the geochemistry of sediments deposited in the nearshore area.     

娄新高速公路岩溶发育特征与地基处理方案优化研究

娄底—新化高速公路岩溶发育。由于邻近煤矿采矿抽排水,地下水位急降,形成土洞和塌陷。为保证公路建设经济、安全,须对岩溶路基进行处理。通过对地基处理方案影响因素进行研究与分析,运用多目标决策模糊集理论并结合层次分析方法,优选出具有多指标因素属性和模糊特性的岩溶地基处理方案。在此基础上,从地质条件出发,并考虑加固效果、工程造价等,比较了3种岩溶地基处理方案：注浆、沉管挤密桩、强夯+双层钢筋混凝土连续板。分析结果表明：强夯+双层钢筋混凝土连续板方案最佳,模糊优化计算中,该方案对优的隶属度最高,达0.86,具有施工便捷、加固效果好、成本低等优点,总造价为仅1 350万元,分别比沉管挤密桩、注浆处理少170万和360万元。