气象卫星遥感洪涝面积估算

本文介绍了应用ＮＯＡＡ极轨气象卫星ＡＶＨＲＲ资料估算洪涝面积的原理和技术方法。应用气象卫星遥感资料，结合地理信息和实陆调查资料，通过计算分析和图像处理，可以实时、客观地判断洪涝灾害范围，区分洪涝程度，计算受灾面积。     

引额济乌工程建设气温参数设计值研究

根据引额济乌水利工程沙漠明渠沿线周围20个气象观测站39年（1961-1999年）气温资料和经纬度及海拔高度资料，采用气候学、地理学、水文工程学与熵气象学相结合的方法，建立了沙漠明渠近170km沿线春季（4月）平均气温、夏季（7月）平均气温、年平均气温及稳定输水期推算模式，在此基础上，运用正态分布概率模式推算了沙漠明渠沿线春季（4月）平均气温、夏季（7月）平均气温和年平均气温不同概率设计值，由此揭示了沙漠明渠沿线春季（4月）平均气温、夏季（7月）平均气温和年平均气温及稳定输水期的分布规律，这一研究成果已应用于沙漠明渠输水工程设计中。     

近50年影响广西的热带气旋变化特征

分析了1951～2007年影响广西的热带气旋频数、强度以及初旋、终旋影响日期的变化,结果表明:影响广西的热带气旋年频数、最大强度、强度超过32.7m·s-1的热带气旋频数均呈减少(减弱)趋势,且年际、年代际变化明显,20世纪50年代至70年代为热带气旋影响偏多、偏强期,80年代以后为偏少、偏弱期.初旋影响日期呈偏晚趋势,终旋影响日期变化趋势不显著.     

The instability of a horizontal five-layer jet

The instability of a symmetric jet moving horizontally, in which two shear layers with opposite shear of the same strength are separated by a central irrotational layer and are adjoined by unbounded, irrotational outer layers, is studied.First, the fluid is assumed to be homogeneous. Two unstable modes are found, the central wave one-quarter wave length out of phase with the outer wave. Mode I consists of central waves being in phase and outer waves being in phase. Mode II consists of central waves being in opposite phase and outer waves being in opposite phase. For a given width of the jet, the thicker the central irrotational layer, the stronger the shear of the shear layers, the stronger the instability. For a fixed ratio of the thickness of central layer to that of the shear layers, mode I is more unstable than mode II.Next, a density jump across the outer interface levels and another density jump across the central interface levels are introduced. The effect of these density jumps on mode I is to reduce the growth of the wave. The wave with equal density jump across every interface level grows somewhat slower than the waves with the entire density jump across outer or central interface levels. For an idealized velocity profile with isentropic layers with an overall Richardson number of 4.9, the linear theory predicts that the amplitude of the wave doubles in about 5 min and the wave-length is 241 m, which compares favorably with 320m obtained in the boundary layer by Gossard et al. (1970). For atmospheric parameters with an overall Richardson number of unity, linear theory predicts that the amplitude of the wave doubles in about % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGOmamaale% aaleaacaaIXaaabaGaaG4maaaaaaa!383C!\[2{\textstyle{1 \over 3}}\] min and the wave-length is about 510 m, which is only slightly larger than the width of the jet.A physical argument is invoked to explain the evolution of finite-amplitude waves.     

CHINA'S FOUR MAJOR METEOROLOGICAL SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS

China lies in East-Asian monsoon region,which is one of the well-known active monsoonzones around the world.Monsoon anomaly results in frequent natural disasters,such as drought,torrential rain and flood.In 1998,joint intensified observations for 4 major meteorologicalscientific experiments have been carried out over Chinese major monsoon affected areas.A numberof valuable data have been obtained and some observational facts have come out after initialanalysis.The present paper is to give an introduction to the 4 major meteorological scientificexperiments conducted in 1998 in China.including its origin and scientific goals,implementationand planning,equipment and progress,and initial findings from the important observational facts.It aims to provide a comprehensive report on the progress of the above experiments for those whoare interested in.     

Diagnosing southeast tropical Atlantic SST and ocean circulation biases in the CMIP5 ensemble

Warm sea-surface temperature (SST) biases in the southeastern tropical Atlantic (SETA), which is defined by a region from 5°E to the west coast of southern Africa and from 10°S to 30°S, are a common problem in many current and previous generation climate models. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) ensemble provides a useful framework to tackle the complex issues concerning causes of the SST bias. In this study, we tested a number of previously proposed mechanisms responsible for the SETA SST bias and found the following results. First, the multi-model ensemble mean shows a positive shortwave radiation bias of ~20 W m^?2, consistent with models’ deficiency in simulating low-level clouds. This shortwave radiation error, however, is overwhelmed by larger errors in the simulated surface turbulent heat and longwave radiation fluxes, resulting in excessive heat loss from the ocean. The result holds for atmosphere-only model simulations from the same multi-model ensemble, where the effect of SST biases on surface heat fluxes is removed, and is not sensitive to whether the analysis region is chosen to coincide with the maximum warm SST bias along the coast or with the main SETA stratocumulus deck away from the coast. This combined with the fact that there is no statistically significant relationship between simulated SST biases and surface heat flux biases among CMIP5 models suggests that the shortwave radiation bias caused by poorly simulated low-level clouds is not the leading cause of the warm SST bias. Second, the majority of CMIP5 models underestimate upwelling strength along the Benguela coast, which is linked to the unrealistically weak alongshore wind stress simulated by the models. However, a correlation analysis between the model simulated vertical velocities and SST biases does not reveal a statistically significant relationship between the two, suggesting that the deficient coastal upwelling in the models is not simply related to the warm SST bias via vertical heat advection. Third, SETA SST biases in CMIP5 models are correlated with surface and subsurface ocean temperature biases in the equatorial region, suggesting that the equatorial temperature bias remotely contributes to the SETA SST bias. Finally, we found that all CMIP5 models simulate a southward displaced Angola–Benguela front (ABF), which in many models is more than 10° south of its observed location. Furthermore, SETA SST biases are most significantly correlated with ABF latitude, which suggests that the inability of CMIP5 models to accurately simulate the ABF is a leading cause of the SETA SST bias. This is supported by simulations with the oceanic component of one of the CMIP5 models, which is forced with observationally derived surface fluxes. The results show that even with the observationally derived surface atmospheric forcing, the ocean model generates a significant warm SST bias near the ABF, underlining the important role of ocean dynamics in SETA SST bias problem. Further model simulations were conducted to address the impact of the SETA SST biases. The results indicate a significant remote influence of the SETA SST bias on global model simulations of tropical climate, underscoring the importance and urgency to reduce the SETA SST bias in global climate models.     

上海浦东机场一次连续出现的强对流天气对比分析

2006年6月22日从中午至半夜,上海浦东机场连续发生了3次强对流天气过程,对飞行安全及航班的正常都造成了很大影响.利用各种常规观测、多普勒雷达、卫星云图及风廓线仪等资料,对6月22日的连续性对流过程进行对比分析.发现此连续对流过程中3次强对流天气发生、发展过程具有明显差异,其触发机制也各不相同.其中第一次强对流天气为局地热力对流;第二次强对流天气为锋面过境引起的飑线过程;而第三次强对流天气是伴随中尺度低压环流的对流过程.在各次强对流过程发生前,浦东机场风廓线仪资料中均出现明显的风向的垂直切变,具有较好的预警意义.     

西南地区城市热岛强度变化对地面气温序列影响

利用1961—2004年我国西南地区322个站的气温观测资料, 分析了乡村站、小城市站、大中城市站和国家基准/基本站气温变化趋势特点, 着重研究了城市化对城镇站和国家站地面气温记录的影响程度和相对贡献比例。结果显示:区域平均的各类台站年平均气温呈现不同程度的上升趋势, 城市站、国家站的增温速率均高于乡村站。大中城市站和国家站的年平均热岛增温率分别为0.086 ℃/ 10a和0.052 ℃/10a, 其增温贡献率分别达57.6%和45.3%。与大多数地区不同, 西南地区的增温速率明显偏小。因此, 尽管平均热岛强度变化比许多地区弱, 但其相对贡献明显, 表明城市化对该区域气温趋势的绝对影响较弱, 但相对影响较强。另外, 城市热岛增温有明显的季节变化, 表现为秋季最强, 春季或冬季次之, 夏季最弱。热岛增温贡献率则为春季最大 (100%), 夏季次之 (73%以上), 秋季和冬季相对较小。这主要是因为春、夏两季背景气候变凉或趋势微弱, 热岛增温在实际增温中占有更高的比例。     

永兴1981—2010年蒸发特征及其影响因子相关性分析

利用统计学的方法分析了1981年到2010年永兴蒸发量年、季、月的变化特征,并根据道尔顿蒸发定律和永兴岛的气候特点,分析了影响永兴蒸发量的主要气象要素及其与蒸发量的相关性,结果表明：在这30年里永兴岛的蒸发量呈上升趋势,进入21世纪后蒸发量的增加明显。气温、湿度、降水、气压、日照与蒸发量的相关性较好,是影响永兴岛蒸发量变化的主要因子。