Temporal variation of intertidal seagrass in southern China (2008–2014)

Understanding the temporal dynamics of seagrasses and the major influences on seagrass growth is critical for seagrass habitat conservation and administration. However, little work has been done regarding these issues in southern China. To examine inter-annual and seasonal variations of the intertidal Halophila ovalis community in southern China, we conducted quarterly sampling using the SeagrassNet methodology and assessed environmental conditions as well as direct anthropogenic impacts on the seagrass meadow from July 2008 to October 2014. Our study demonstrated strong inter-annual and seasonal dynamics of the intertidal seagrass meadow in the study area. Generally, the community performed best (highest seagrass cover, leaf area, shoot density, total biomass) in summer and worst in spring among the 4 seasons. The temporal variations in the seagrass community attributes (e.g. above-ground biomass) were significantly affected by precipitation, atmospheric visibility, and salinity, while leaf width was significantly negatively correlated with temperature, atmospheric visibility and salinity. Temperature was a major factor influencing the seagrass community (both macroalgae and seagrass), with temperature data showing an inverse relationship between seagrass and macroalgae. The above-ground: below-ground biomass ratio and leaf width of H. ovalis were the most sensitive plant parameters monitored when assessing environmental interactions. Human physical disturbances did not have a significant effect on seagrass dynamics in the study area. We concluded that long-term monitoring (like SeagrassNet) is valuable in understanding the relationship between environmental variables and seagrasses.     

四川盆地及其周缘五峰组-龙马溪组有机质差异富集的主控因素探讨

近些年来,四川盆地及其周缘五峰组-龙马溪组页岩气勘探开发实践表明页岩气具有差异富集特征。基于四川盆地及其周缘五峰组-龙马溪组页岩TOC、XRD及元素等分析数据,结合前人已发表的相关数据资料,对川南、川东及川东北地区开展了有机质差异富集特征初步分析,并从矿物组分（黏土矿物含量）、保存条件及古生产力3个方面探讨其控制因素。研究表明：1）有机质差异富集特征表现为：五峰组沉积时期,四川盆地及其周缘有机质富集程度差异相对较小,川东地区有机质富集程度略高于川南地区和川东北地区;而龙马溪组沉积早期,有机质富集程度差异相对较大,川东北地区有机质富集程度明显高于川东地区和川南地区;2）差异的保存（氧化还原）条件是造成四川盆地及其周缘不同地区五峰组-龙马溪组有机质差异富集的主控因素。     

四川盆地五峰-龙马溪组页岩储层非均质性特征

通过对比焦石坝、长宁和威远气田五峰-龙马溪组页岩产层段的岩矿、物性、含气性以及可压裂性等地质参数及其纵向变化规律,综合分析了页岩储层的平面和纵向非均质性及其对“甜点”优选和储层改造的影响。研究表明,纵向非均质特征在不同地区具有总体一致性：石英含量、有机碳含量和含气量均呈现下高上低的基本趋势;底部深水陆棚沉积层段普遍具有高有机碳含量、高脆性、高孔隙度和高含气量的特征,一系列属性参数的相互耦合和匹配决定了五峰组-鲁丹阶成为“甜点”的主要发育层段。平面非均质特征主要表现为储层品质以及“甜点”发育层段和厚度的区域差异：长宁和威远地区的钙质含量明显高于焦石坝地区,发育钙质硅质混合页岩相;焦石坝地区的水平应力差明显低于长宁和威远地区,且天然裂缝更为发育;长宁和焦石坝地区的“甜点层”发育于五峰-鲁丹阶下部,而威远地区的“甜点层”则发育于鲁丹阶-埃隆阶中部。页岩储层的非均质性决定了“甜点”的分布范围、发育层段和厚度;矿物组成、天然裂缝、岩石力学参数和地应力场的空间变化是进行压裂设计的重要依据。     

贵州下石炭统旧司组页岩气地质特征及有利区优选

贵州下石炭统旧司组作为页岩气新区新层系勘探重点,近年来虽开展了大量的页岩气地质调查工作,但勘探效果甚微。本文在大量露头、钻井和测试分析资料的基础上,对其页岩空间展布特征、地球化学特征、页岩气储集特征和含气性特征进行详细分析,发现旧司组主要沉积于台盆和泻湖环境,黔西南地区干酪根类型主要为Ⅱ1和Ⅱ2型,在黔南地区主要为Ⅰ型,TOC主要分布于1%～2%。Ro值主要分布于1%～2.5%,区内热液矿物或温泉的影响不具区域性。页岩中石英含量多＞40%。旧司组下段页岩孔隙以宏孔为主,上段页岩孔隙呈中、宏孔并存。孔隙度主要分布2.0%～10.0%,储集性能中等。黔南地区目标层含气性良好,以吸附气为主。黔西南地区目标层以游离气为主,其含气性受断裂和目标层所处应力状态控制。在此分析基础上,结合勘探实践经验,采用综合信息叠合法初步优选出：望谟-紫云-罗甸、罗甸-克度和蟠龙-勺米3个有利勘探区,有利区面积约为1 448 km²。     

Probability distribution method based on the triple porosity model to identify the fluid properties of the volcanic reservoir in the Wangfu fault depression by well log

Due to the powerful anisotropy of the physical properties of volcanic reservoirs, their component minerals and pore configuration are very complex, rendering fluid identification very difficult. This paper first computed the cementation exponent, which was based on triple porosity model, then used the varied matrix density and matrix neutron to compute the porosity, and finally combined with resistivity well log, and a P ^1/2 probability distribution curve was built. The fluid properties were predicted from the shape of the P ^1/2 probability distribution curve. Good results were achieved when these methods were used in the volcanic reservoir of the Wangfu fault depression, which indicated that these methods can be used in the fluid property identification of volcanic reservoirs and can also be referred to for other lithology reservoirs.     

Characteristics of the geothermal water in Changbai Mountain volcanic region,northeast of China

Geothermal water is plentiful in Changbai Mountain region, northeastern China, due to the volcanic activities and widespread faults. For the exploration of geothermal resources, this study uses quartz and cation geothermometer to estimate the temperatures of the geothermal reservoir and uses the tubular models to evaluate the thermal gradient. The hydrogeochemical characteristics of the geothermal resources were also evaluated by hydrogeochemical analysis. The results showed that the geothermal reservoir temperatures of the four major thermal springs in Changbai Mountain region range from 72 to 169 °C. The average geothermal reservoir temperatures of Jinjiang hot springs, Changbai hot springs I, Xianrenqiao hot springs, and Changbai hot springs II are 129.25, 169, 89, and 73.67 °C, respectively. The geothermal gradient values of the four major thermal springs have different characteristics. The geothermal gradient values of Jinjiang hot springs and Changbai hot springs I are 4.6 and 3.1 °C/100 m, respectively. The geothermal gradient values of Xianrenqiao thermal springs and Changbai thermal springs II are both lower than 1.5 °C/100 m, with the values of 1.1 and 1.4 °C/100 m. And the geothermal gradients are influenced by Changbai Mountain Tianchi volcano. In addition, the water chemical analyses showed that the geothermal water types are HCO₃-Na with higher concentrations of Na⁺, Cl^?, SO₄ ^2?, TDS, and HCO₃ ^? than the non-thermal waters, which suggested a deep and long water cycle of the thermal water, and therefore a sufficient water-rock interaction.     

HY-2散射计风速降雨影响的神经网络校正

海洋二号搭载的笔形圆锥扫描微波散射计(HY2-scat)是国内第一个业务化运行的,可提供大量实时海面风场数据的微波传感器。由于Ku波段散射计测风原理和微波传输特性,受到降雨影响的散射计反演风场数据准确度降低。降雨导致的微波传播路径衰减,雨滴对微波直接后向散射导致的回波能量增加和雨滴对海表面毛细波的干扰等综合效应,使得降雨条件下散射计测风风速计算值偏高,风向计算值偏差较大。针对散射计反演风速受降雨影响的特点引入神经网络模型,使用准确度较高的NWP数值预报模式风场数据作为参考,对受降雨影响的HY-2散射计反演L2B级标准风场数据产品进行校正,改进HY-2散射计反演风矢量在降雨条件下的准确度。与受降雨影响的散射计反演风场风速偏差相比较,经过神经网络校正后的风速偏差减小,说明该方法适用于改善受降雨影响的HY-2散射计测风风速精度。     

Natural mortality estimation and rational exploitation of purpleback flying squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in the southern South China Sea

Based on the biological data of purpleback flying squid(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)collected by light falling-net in the southern South China Sea(SCS) during September to October 2012 and March to April 2013,growth and mortality of 'Medium' and 'Dwarf' forms of squid are derived using the Powell-Wetherall,ELEFAN methods and length-converted catch curves(FiSAT package).Given a lack of commercial exploitation,we assume total mortality to be due entirely to natural mortality.We estimate these squid have fast growth,with growth coefficients(k) ranging from 1.42 to 2.39,and high natural mortality(M),with estimates ranging from 1.61 to 2.92.To sustainably exploit these squid stocks,yield per recruitment based on growth and natural mortality was determined using the Beverton-Holt dynamic pool model.We demonstrate squid stocks could sustain high fishing mortality and low ages at first capture,with an optimal fishing mortality 3.0,with the optimal age at first capture increased to 0.4-0.6 years when fishing mortality approached optimal levels.On the basis of our analyses and estimates of stock biomass,we believe considerable potential exists to expand the squid fishery into the open SCS,relieving fishing pressure on coastal waters.     

Morphologies of eumelanins from the ink of six cephalopods species measured by atomic force microscopy

The morphologies of eumelanin, isolated from the six cephalopods species Sepia esculenta, Sepia lycidas, Sepia pharaonis, Sepiella japonica, Euprymna berryi, and Uroteuthis (Photololigo) edulis, were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results showed that the hierarchical aggregate structures of irregular spherical particles with different diameters are the common characteristics of these eumelanins. Furthermore, the diameters of these spherical particles present an uneven distribution in a wide range and mainly concentrate in the range of about 20-150 nm. In addition, the eumelanin from different cephalopods species show obvious differences in the morphologies, which is illustrated by different assembly forms of diverse aggregate units and the quantitative features of eumelanin particles derived from the images.     

Seasonal export fluxes of size-fractionated particulate derived from polonium-210: A case study in Xiamen Bay

Size-fractionated ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb, in the size fractions >0.4 μm, >2 μm and >10 μm, were examined to determine the seasonal variability of particulate fluxes in Xiamen Bay. Good correlations between ²¹⁰Po and particulate organic carbon (POC) or non-Particulate Organic Matter (nPOM) suggested that ²¹⁰Po can be used to trace the export fluxes of POC and nPOM. Both steady-state (SS) model and nSS model were used to evaluate fluxes of size-fractionated ²¹⁰Po, results showed that nSS model was better than the SS model in coastal areas. Based on the nSS model, size-fractionated POC fluxes decreased with increasing particle size. For the particle size studied, maximum POC fluxes occurred in autumn, followed by spring, winter, and summer. Fluxes of nPOM were an order of magnitude higher than the corresponding size-fractionated POC fluxes. Differences between size-fractionated nPOM fluxes indicated that hydrodynamic conditions were the main factor regulating transportation of particulate out of the inner Bay. In winter most particulates, including >10 μm particles, were transported under the strongest hydrodynamic conditions. In contrast, only a fraction of the <2 μm particulates were transported from the inner Bay in spring. This study suggested that ²¹⁰Po is a powerful tracer of seasonal particulate export in coastal seas.