广东一次雷暴过程负地闪先导的电学特征分析

利用 0 .0 8μs时间分辨率的大容量慢天线电场变化测量系统在广东从化地区一次雷暴过程中观测得到的 44次负地闪电场变化波形 ,对负地闪回击前 2 0 0 μs内的先导电场变化波形进行了分析。发现负地闪首次回击前的先导电场变化波形 ,按最后一个先导脉冲与相应回击间电场变化特征大致可分为三类。通常负地闪先导过程由若干脉冲式变化组成 ,首次回击前先导脉冲间的平均时间间隔为 1 5.8μs(均方差 5.3μs) ;继后回击前直窜 -梯级先导脉冲间的平均时间间隔为 9.4μs(均方差 5.5μs)。首次回击前最后一个先导脉冲与首次回击间的平均时间间隔为 1 2 .7μs(均方差 7.8μs) ,最后一个先导脉冲幅值与回击峰值之比的平均值为0 .1 (均方差 0 .0 4 ) ,且两者之间有很好的相关性 ,并用回击传输线模式对这一关系进行了解释。     

Comparative analysis of the initial stage in two artificially-triggered lightning flashes

The initial discharge stages of two flashes during the Shandong Artificially Triggering Lightning Experiment (SHATLE) are analyzed based on the synchronous data of the current and close electromagnetic field. For a lightning flash, named 0503, the wire was connected, not electrically, but via a 5 m length of nylon, with the lightning rod; while for another, named 0602, the wire was connected with the rod directly. Results show that the discharge processes of the initial stage (IS) in flash 0503 are quite different from that of the usual classical-triggered flash 0602 and altitude-triggered flashes. A large pulse with a current of about 720 A resulted from the breakdown of the 5 m air gap during flash 0503, and the corresponding electric field at 60 m from the lightning rod was 0.38 kV/m. The upward positive leaders (UPLs) propagated continuously from the tip of the rocket after this breakdown. The geometric mean (GM) of the UPL peak current was 23.0 A. Vaporization of the wire occurred during the initial continuous current (ICC) stage and the largest current pulse was about 400 A. Compared with triggered flash 0503, the discharge processes of IS in flash 0602 were simple, only two large pulses similar to each other occurred before dart leader/return stroke sequences. The peak current of the first pulse was 2.1 kA and its corresponding electric field and magnetic field at a distance of 60 m from the lightning rod were 0.98 kV/m and 7.03 μT, respectively. During the second pulse, the wire disintegrated. The current decreased to the background level at the moment of the wire disintegration. The current of the second pulse in triggered flash 0602 was 2.8 kA, and the corresponding electric field and magnetic field at 60 m from the lightning rod were 1.22 kV/m and 9.01 μT, respectively.     

大气探测高技术及应用研究进展

大气探测技术是支撑大气科学,特别是大气物理和大气环境学科发展的重要基础,其主要任务是发展新的探测和试验手段、原理和方法,为认识大气运动以及大气中各种物理、化学、生物过程的基本规律及其与周围环境的相互作用提供技术手段和方法。除了充分利用国内外已有的成熟技术和产品对大气科学发展提供支持外,大气探测还存在一系列科学与技术问题需要研究和开发,这也是大气探测科学与高技术的前沿。本文从强对流和降水探测技术、雷电探测技术、云特性探测技术、臭氧和气溶胶等大气成分探测技术、地基GPS观测反演大气和海洋参数、大气与环境综合探测平台六个方面综述近五年来中国科学院大气物理研究所在地面大气探测高技术研发、实验观测及相关研究领域所取得的一些主要进展,并对未来发展进行展望。     

Investigating Lightning Characteristics through a Supercell Storm by Comprehensive Coordinated Observations over North China

Electrical characteristics of an isolated supercell storm observed on 13 June 2014 over Beijing were investigated using lightning data obtained from the Beijing Lightning Network, radar reflectivity, and hydrometeor retrievals during the 6-h lifetime. Positive cloud-to-ground(+CG) lightning took a high percentage of CG lightning. Before and during a hail event,+CG lightning was more frequent than negative cloud-to-ground(-CG) lightning, except that +CG lightning took a high percentage at the beg...     

STUDY ON RAINFALL MEASUREMENT AND RAINDROP SPECTRA WITH THE DIFFERENTIAL REFLECTIVITY ZDR TECHNIQUE OF A DUAL LINEAR POLARIZATION RADAR*

In this paper,it is shown that the differential reflectivity Z_DR is related to drop size distribution (DSD) and the spectral shape variation of different truncated diameters.Z_DR is a sensitive function to variation of DSD of the spectra.The effects of shape variation of DSD on rainfall can be deduced with a (Z_H,Z_DR) dual-parameter technique,which is effective to improve the accuracy of rainfall measurement and is of the priority of identifying large particles of hydrometeors (especially hailstone) from the rain region.     

南天山盲起苏花岗岩体的成因及构造意义：来自年代学、地球化学及Nd- Hf同位素证据

南天山造山带位于中亚造山带与塔里木克拉通的接壤地带,是了解克拉通及造山带构造演化的重要地区。但就南天山洋最终闭合和陆陆碰撞的时代目前还存在不同观点。盲起苏花岗岩体位于南天山造山带东段,是该区大型的复式花岗岩体,主要由东部黑云母花岗闪长岩、西部黑云母花岗岩和中部二云母花岗岩组成。LA ICP MS锆石U Pb定年结果显示,东部、西部和中部花岗岩的形成年龄分别为297±4 Ma、294±3 Ma和292±2 Ma。地球化学特征上,东部和西部花岗岩的SiO 2 含量为65. 34%~73. 12%,A/CNK为1. 00~1. 11（平均1. 05）,Na 2 O+K 2 O的含量为7. 26%~8. 52%,属高钾钙碱性弱过铝质岩石;中部花岗岩的SiO 2 含量为71. 97%~72. 84%,A/CNK为1. 09~1. 14（平均1. 12）,Na 2 O+K 2 O的含量为8. 36%~8. 80%,属钙碱性强过铝质岩石。稀土元素上,三者均富集轻稀土元素\[(La/Yb)N=9. 58~44. 94\],亏损重稀土元素（HREE,LREE/HREE=8. 00~22. 97）,并呈现不同程度的Eu负异常（东部 δ Eu=0. 67~0. 81;西部 δ Eu=0. 48~0. 78;中部 δ Eu=0. 44~0. 48）。微量元素上,三者均富集大离子亲石元素（K、Rb、Ba）,亏损高场强元素（Nb、Ta、Ti）。同位素特征上,锆石 ε Hf ( t )值分别为-11. 31~-1. 64（东部）、-5. 41~-0. 50（西部）和-14. 43~-2. 51（中部）,二阶段Hf模式年龄（ t DM2 ）均在1. 30~2. 20 Ga之间;东部岩体的 ε Nd ( t )的值为-6. 92~-10. 10,二阶段模式年龄 t DM2 (Nd)在1. 62~1. 88 Ga之间。综合区域地质和前人研究资料,表明盲起苏复式花岗岩体可能是后碰撞早期阶段由加厚的变质火成岩地壳发生部分熔融,经不同程度结晶分异所形成的,并暗示了南天山洋的闭合及陆陆碰撞的时间应发生于二叠纪之前。     

Influence of Topography and Large-scale Forcing on the Occurrence of Katabatic Flow Jumps in Antarctica： Idealized Simulations

The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System （RAMS）, which is a non-hydrostatic numerical model, has been used to investigate the impact of terrain shape and large-scale forcing on the Antarctic surface-wind regime, focusing on their roles in establishing favorable flow conditions for the formation of katabatic flow jumps. A series of quasi-2D numerical simulations were conducted over idealized slopes representing the slopes of Antarctica during austral winter conditions. Results indicate that the steepness and variations of the underlying slope play a role in the evolution of near-surface flows and thus the formation of katabatic flow jumps. However, large-scale forcing has a more noticeable effect on the occurrence of this small-scale phenomenon by establishing essential upstream and downstream flow conditions, including the upstream supercritical flow, the less stably stratified or unstable layer above the cold katabatic layer, as well as the cold-air pool located near the foot of the slope through an interaction with the underlying topography. Thus, the areas with steep and abrupt change in slopes, e.g. near the coastal areas of the eastern Antarctic, are preferred locations for the occurrence of katabatic flow jumps, especially under supporting synoptic conditions.     

西北太平洋热带气旋的闪电活动、雷达反射率和冰散射信号特征分析

利用热带测雨卫星(TRMM)携带的测雨雷达(PR)、闪电成像仪(LIS)和微波辐射计(TMI)的同步探测资料,选取1998-2008年登陆中国的46个热带气旋,分析了其不同强度阶段的闪电活动、雷达反射率和冰散射信号的分布特征,以及闪电的发生与雷达反射率和冰散射信号之间的关系.结果发现:强度较弱的热带气旋平均闪电次数相对较高;当强度达到强热带风暴阶段后,强度越强,闪电数量反而越少.热带气旋强度不同,闪电的空间分布也有差别,热带风暴、强台风和超强台风阶段眼壁区闪电密度最大,而其他阶段则在外雨带区密度最大.热带气旋大部分区域被层云和弱对流降水控制,0℃层以上雷达反射率迅速减小,冰散射信号也普遍较弱.虽然热带气旋的眼壁区对流活动最强.但相比于外面带却较不易发生闪电.在同等大小的雷达反射率下,闪电更易发生在台风和强热带风暴阶段,超强台风阶段发生闪电阈值最高.由于闪电的发生与软雹、冰晶和过冷水等微物理参量以及上升气流速度紧密相关,因此闪电资料可以提供关于热带气旋不同区域的微物理过程和动力过程信息.     

Evolution of the Total Lightning Activity in a Leading-Line and Trailing Stratiform Mesoscale Convective System over Beijing

Data from the Beijing SAFIR 3000 lightning detection system and Doppler radar provided some insights into the three-dimensional lightning structure and evolution of a leading-line and trailing-stratiform (LLTS) mesoscale convective system (MCS) over Beijing on 31 July 2007. Most of the lightning in the LLTS-MCS was intracloud (IC) lightning, while the mean ratio of positive cloud-to-ground (+CG) lightning to -CG lightning was 1:4, which was higher than the average value from previous studies. The majority of CG lightning occurred in the convective region of the radar echo, particularly at the leading edge of the front. Little IC lightning and little +CG lightning occurred in the stratiform region. The distribution of the CG lightning indicated that the storm had a tilted dipole structure given the wind shear or the tripole charge structure. During the storm’s development, most of the IC lightning occurred at an altitude of ～9.5 km; the lightning rate reached its maximum at 10.5 km, the altitude of IC lightning in the mature stage of the storm. When the thunderstorm began to dissipate, the altitude of the IC lightning decreased gradually. The spatial distribution of lightning was well correlated with the rainfall on the ground, although the peak value of rainfall appeared 75 min later than the peak lightning rate.     

闪电初始放电阶段亚微秒电场变化波形特征

本文选取2008年西藏羊八井地区与2009年东北大兴安岭地区快、 慢天线闪电电场变化仪观测资料, 对云闪起始阶段和地闪预击穿阶段亚微秒电场变化波形特征进行了统计分析, 发现, 无论是云闪还是地闪, 初始阶段快电场变化波形均表现为一系列脉冲形式, 且以归一化幅值小于0.5、 脉冲宽度小于等于10 μs的窄脉冲为主; 同低海拔地区相比, 高原地区地闪预击穿阶段脉冲总数相对较高, 窄脉冲所占比例相对较低, 幅值可与首次回击峰值相比拟的双极性大脉冲的发生比例较低。在统计的基础上, 对产生双极性脉冲的物理机制进行了分析, 发现较大的电流传输速度和电流衰减长度, 是导致双极性大脉冲波形幅值远大于其它脉冲的主要原因。