雷暴下的电流密度测量和准稳态特性讨论

利用电场和麦克斯韦电流密度的同时测量，对雷暴下闪电间的麦克斯韦电流密度的准稳态特性进行了验证，并利用实验观测和模式计算相结合的方法，对传导电流、位移电流和电晕电流的相对重要性作了估计。     

华熊联合地体的证据

华北地南缘原划分的华熊地体可进一步划分出小秦岭,崤山,熊耳山和鲁山４个地体,它们之间均由ＮＥ－ＮＮＥ向边界断裂所分隔在基底地层层序,岩石组合,岩石主元素和稀土元素,岩浆作用成矿作用以及地球物理特征等方面存在一系列差异。它们先经历了各自独立的形成过程,后在l850±l50Ma的中岳运动中,这些分散的范围较小的火山活动中心所形成的地体才逐渐拼贴在一起构成了华熊联合地体。     

Review of Chinese atmospheric science research over the past 70 years: Atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China 70 years ago,the subject of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment has developed rapidly in China,providing important support for the development of atmospheric science and guarantee for the development of national economy.In this paper,the general advancement of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment in last 70 years was described.The main research progress of atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment in the past 40 years of reform and opening-up was reviewed,the outstanding research achievements since the 21 st century were summarized,the major problems and challenges are pointed out,and the key directions and suggestions for future development are put forward.     

Full-scale hybrid test for realistic verification of a seismic upgrading technique of RC frames by BRBs

Scientific research proposing any type of device/technique for seismic protection of buildings is generally based on numerical models that adopt simplifications to make possible extensive analyses. This means that important details of the inelastic response could be neglected. Following this consideration, regardless of the device/technique invented, before it could be put into practice, an experimental verification of the actual structural performance should be conducted by full-scale tests at building level. This issue is investigated in the paper considering seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures by buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) as technique to be validated, while hybrid test is selected as tool for experimental validation at building level. The analysed seismic upgrading technique consists in the insertion of BRBs into the RC frame. The upgrading intervention is designed by a method developed in previous studies. This technique responds to an important need of the society. Indeed, existing RC frames showed high vulnerability in occurrence of past earthquakes when they were not originally conceived to sustain horizontal forces. The hybrid test is selected among the available experimental techniques because it allows the experimentation on full-scale specimens with reasonable cost. In this study, a substructure hybrid test was conducted and the results are here presented to (a) evaluate the effectiveness of the design method of BRBs for seismic upgrading, (b) investigate the integration of BRBs in existing RC frame, and (c) show the potentiality of the substructure hybrid test for the experimental verification of innovative techniques for seismic protection of buildings.     

Comparative analysis of the initial stage in two artificially-triggered lightning flashes

The initial discharge stages of two flashes during the Shandong Artificially Triggering Lightning Experiment (SHATLE) are analyzed based on the synchronous data of the current and close electromagnetic field. For a lightning flash, named 0503, the wire was connected, not electrically, but via a 5 m length of nylon, with the lightning rod; while for another, named 0602, the wire was connected with the rod directly. Results show that the discharge processes of the initial stage (IS) in flash 0503 are quite different from that of the usual classical-triggered flash 0602 and altitude-triggered flashes. A large pulse with a current of about 720 A resulted from the breakdown of the 5 m air gap during flash 0503, and the corresponding electric field at 60 m from the lightning rod was 0.38 kV/m. The upward positive leaders (UPLs) propagated continuously from the tip of the rocket after this breakdown. The geometric mean (GM) of the UPL peak current was 23.0 A. Vaporization of the wire occurred during the initial continuous current (ICC) stage and the largest current pulse was about 400 A. Compared with triggered flash 0503, the discharge processes of IS in flash 0602 were simple, only two large pulses similar to each other occurred before dart leader/return stroke sequences. The peak current of the first pulse was 2.1 kA and its corresponding electric field and magnetic field at a distance of 60 m from the lightning rod were 0.98 kV/m and 7.03 μT, respectively. During the second pulse, the wire disintegrated. The current decreased to the background level at the moment of the wire disintegration. The current of the second pulse in triggered flash 0602 was 2.8 kA, and the corresponding electric field and magnetic field at 60 m from the lightning rod were 1.22 kV/m and 9.01 μT, respectively.     

STUDY ON RAINFALL MEASUREMENT AND RAINDROP SPECTRA WITH THE DIFFERENTIAL REFLECTIVITY Z_(DR)TECHNIQUE OF A DUAL LINEAR POLARIZATION RADAR

In this paper,it is shown that the differential reflectivity Z_(DR) is related to drop sizedistribution(DSD)and the spectral shape variation of different truncated diameters.Z_(DR) is asensitive function to variation of DSD of the spectra.The effects of shape variation of DSD onrainfall can be deduced with a(Z_H,Z_(DR))dual-parameter technique,which is effective to improvethe accuracy of rainfall measurement and is of the priority of identifying large particles ofhydrometeors(especially hailstone)from the rain region.     

Charge structure of a summer thunderstorm in North China: Simulation using a Regional Atmospheric Model System

Electrification and simple discharge schemes are coupled into a 3D Regional Atmospheric Model System （RAMS） as microphysical parameterizations, in accordance with electrical experiment results. The dynamics, microphysics, and electrifi- cation components are fully integrated into the RAMS model, and the inductive and non-inductive electrification mechanisms are considered in the charging process. The results indicate that the thunderstorm mainly had a normal tripole charge structure. The simulated charge structure and lightning frequency are basically consistent with observations of the lightning radiation source distribution. The non-inductive charging mechanism contributed to the electrification during the whole lifetime of the thunderstorm, while the inductive electrification mechanism played a significant role in the development period and the mature stage when the electric field reached a large value. The charge structure in the convective region and the rearward region are analyzed, showing that the charge density in the convective region was double that in the rearward region.     

一次冷涡天气系统中雹暴过程的地闪特征分析

利用地面雷电定位系统、多普勒雷达和卫星观测资料,对2002年6月1日山东地区冷涡天气系统下的3个雹暴过程的地闪特征进行了详细分析,结果表明,在同样的天气条件下,产生冰雹的3个强雷暴在不同的发展阶段表现出明显不同的地闪分布特征。通过云图和地闪资料的综合分析发现,地闪主要出现在云顶亮温低于-50℃的云区内,其中负地闪分布比较集中,且偏向云顶亮温水平梯度大的一边,而正地闪则分布比较分散。地闪主要发生在大于40 dBz的区域内,负地闪通常簇集在强回波区(大于50 dBz)或邻近区域,有时密集的正地闪也出现在强回波区或临近区域,但稀疏的正地闪通常发生在强回波外围10-30 dBz的范围内,属于稳定性降水区。结合地面降雹观测资料发现降雹发生在正地闪比较活跃的阶段,正地闪频数峰值略微超前降雹时刻。比较密集的正地闪发生,通常预示着强对流天气(如冰雹、大风等)的发生。强雷暴在发展旺盛阶段通常表现的低地闪频数,可能是由“电荷抬升机制”造成的。     

广东一次雷暴过程负地闪先导的电学特征分析

利用 0 .0 8μs时间分辨率的大容量慢天线电场变化测量系统在广东从化地区一次雷暴过程中观测得到的 44次负地闪电场变化波形 ,对负地闪回击前 2 0 0 μs内的先导电场变化波形进行了分析。发现负地闪首次回击前的先导电场变化波形 ,按最后一个先导脉冲与相应回击间电场变化特征大致可分为三类。通常负地闪先导过程由若干脉冲式变化组成 ,首次回击前先导脉冲间的平均时间间隔为 1 5.8μs(均方差 5.3μs) ;继后回击前直窜 -梯级先导脉冲间的平均时间间隔为 9.4μs(均方差 5.5μs)。首次回击前最后一个先导脉冲与首次回击间的平均时间间隔为 1 2 .7μs(均方差 7.8μs) ,最后一个先导脉冲幅值与回击峰值之比的平均值为0 .1 (均方差 0 .0 4 ) ,且两者之间有很好的相关性 ,并用回击传输线模式对这一关系进行了解释。     

利用快电场变化脉冲定位进行云闪初始放电过程的研究

利用高时间精度GPS同步的雷电快天线电场变化测量仪等设备,在2004年夏季对甘肃中川地区雷暴的闪电放电特征进行了7站同步观测.在此基础上,发展了一种基于到达时间差的快天线电场变化脉冲定位方法,对8月20日一次强雷暴过程的5次云闪初始阶段产牛的快天线电场变化脉冲进行了三维定佗分析.结果表明:基于辐射源到达不同测站的时间差,能够对云闪产生的辐射源进行较好的定位,闪电的放电区域与雷暴的不同发展阶段密切相关.在雷暴发展的比较旺盛阶段,闪电的放电区域相对较高,对应的离地高度为3.3-6.4 km(此时对应的雷达回波顶高约9 km,回波强度在35 dBz以卜的回波顶高约7 km);在雷暴处于减弱和消敞阶段,闪电的放电高度降低,所分析的该阶段的其中1个云闪对应的离地高度为1.1-3.0 km(此时对应的雷达回波顶高约6 km,回波强度在35 dBz以上的回波顶高约3 km).与雷达同波的对比分析发现,云闪初始阶段的辐射脉冲源位置与强回波区具有较好的空间一致性,辐射脉冲源位置分别与25-50 dBz的回波区域相对成.这不仅在一定程度上表明了定化结果的可靠性,而且说明利用快天线电场变化测量仪组网观测对闪电进行定位跟踪有可能反映雷暴强中心的发展变化过程,同时也表明了利用快天线电场变化测量仪组网观测在强对流的监测和预臀中有一定的应用潜力.另外,定位误差的模拟试验表明,当雷电距观测网络较近时,定位误差较小,雷电距观测网络中心越远,定位误差越大.5次云闪的实际定他误差对比表明,模拟试验的定位结果在很大程度上能够有效地反映实际定位误差.这说明了该定位系统对位于探测网络上空或附近的雷电可以进行云内放电过程的较好的三维定位.