雷暴云下空间电荷层形成的数值研究

利用一个引入了地面尖端电晕放电物理过程的二维轴对称积云起电模式，讨论了雷暴云下空间电荷层的空间分布和随时间的演化规律。在模式计算上采用了"时步分离法"，即在小时步上计算电导及各种反极性离子的复合作用，在大时步上计算平流、对流和湍流扩散项，对于不同的时间步长垂直方向采用不同的格距。通过模拟分析，得到了一些较为合理的结果。最后简单地讨论了本工作在以后需改进的地方。     

闪电放电特征和雷暴电荷结构研究

文章综述了近10年来对闪电物理过程和雷暴电荷结构等方面的主要研究进展。利用自行研制的高时间分辨率新型闪电探测和定位技术,获得中国不同地区的闪电特征及放电参数,组织首次青藏高原综合闪电观测实验,揭示高原雷暴及其闪电活动的特殊性,并利用数值模式探讨其成因;将原子结构理论应用于闪电光谱研究,并进行闪电光谱的实验观测和理论研究,获得可见光频段的闪电光谱记录;完善空中人工引发闪电技术,解决近距离严酷电磁环境条件下闪电的光、电信号测量技术,寻找闪电双向先导传输的光学和甚高频辐射证据,并利用人工引发闪电技术对防雷设施进行试验研究;另外,在闪电与天气、气候关系的研究方面也进行了初步探讨。     

LIGHTNING DATA AND STUDY OF THUNDERSTORM NOWCASTING*

From June 30 to September 14,1989,about 2000 cloud-to-ground lightning location data have been collected by a three-direction-finder network in Beijing.These data have been used to study the spatial distribution of lightning including thunderstorm day,thunder density and thunderstorm hour.As a result of the terrain elevation,a clearly identifiable influence from the underlying topography was found.The lightning activity was mainly concentrated on the sunny side of the mountain,i.e.,the east slope of Taihang Mountain,then eastward along the south side of Yanshan Mountain.The comparison analysis of lightning data and radar echoes from several mesoscale convective systems in 1989 and 1990 suggests that lightning data can be used to determine the convective activity,its development probability and intensity.It can also be used to identify the different stages of a storm.The grid lightning data may be used in regional forecasting of storm.Case analysis shows that it is possible to forecast the position of active echo 30 minutes to an hour after lightning occurrence by using grid lightning data.     

Charge analysis on lightning discharges to the ground in Chinese inland plateau (close to Tibet)

Since the summer of 1996, scientists from China and Japan have conducted a joint observation of natural cloud-to-ground lightning discharges in the Zhongchuan area that is located close to Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, China. It has been found that the long-duration of intracloud discharge processes, just before the first return stroke, lasted more than 120 ms for 85% of cloud-to-ground flashes in this area, with a mean duration of 189.7 ms and a maximum of 300 ms. We present the results of charge sources neutralized by four ground flashes and two intracloud discharge processes, just before the first return stroke, by using the data from a 5-site slow antenna network synchronized by GPS with 1 s time resolution. The result shows that the altitudes of the neutralized negative charge for three negative ground flashes were between 2.7 to 5.4 km above the ground, while that of neutralized positive charges for one positive ground flash and one continuing current process were at about 2.0 km above the ground. The comparison with radar echo showed that the negative discharges initiated in the region greater than 20 dBZ or near the edge of the region with intense echoes greater than 40 dBZ, while positive discharge initiated in the weak echo region.     

北京一次强飑线过程的闪电辐射源演变特征及其与对流区域和地面热力条件的关系

利用2015年夏季北京闪电综合探测（BLNET）总闪辐射源定位、多普勒天气雷达、地面自动气象站和探空资料等多种协同观测资料,详细分析了2015年8月7日北京一次强飑线过程不同阶段的闪电特征,并探讨了闪电与对流区域和地面热力条件之间的关系。飑线过程整体上以云闪为主,根据雷达回波和闪电频数可以将飑线过程分为发展、增强及减弱三个阶段。发展阶段表现为多个孤立的γ中尺度对流降水单体,随着北京城区降水单体的迅速发展,强回波顶高延伸到-20℃温度层高度,闪电辐射源高度也逐步增加,闪电明显增多,但总闪电频数整体低于80次/min。增强阶段单体合并,闪电频数快速增长,0℃层以上及以下的强回波（＞40 dBZ）体积明显增大,飑线形成后,总闪和地闪均达到峰值,分别约248次/min和18次/min,负地闪占总地闪比例为90%,辐射源主要分布在线状对流降水区内,辐射源数量峰值出现在5～9 km高度层。减弱阶段飑线主体下降到0℃以下并迅速衰减,辐射源分布明显向后部层云降水区倾斜。95%的闪电发生在对流线附近10 km范围内,即对流云区和过渡区。在系统发展和增强阶段,对流云区与层云区辐射源的活跃时段基本一致;系统减弱阶段,对流降水云区辐射源数量迅速减少。在系统的不同发展阶段,闪电活跃区域对应于冷池出流同平原暖湿气流在近地面形成的相当位温强梯度带内。     

中天山巴仑台地区花岗质岩石的Hf同位素研究：对构造演化及大陆生长的约束

中国中天山地块位于天山造山带的核心部位,对研究中亚造山带西南段构造演化、块体起源和陆壳生长等科学问题具有重要意义。本次研究围绕中天山地块西段巴仑台一带出露的古生代花岗质岩石展开,报道了部分代表性岩体的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄和MC-ICP-MS锆石Lu-Hf同位素特征。同时还系统总结前人发表的研究区内花岗质岩石的锆石U-Pb年龄和Lu-Hf同位素资料。本次研究的7个花岗质侵入体的锆石LA-ICPMS年龄分别为435±5 Ma、432±4 Ma、359±4 Ma、312±4 Ma、346±2 Ma、306±5 Ma和362±5 Ma。它们在成因类型上均属于I型花岗岩,起源于深部不同性质地壳物质的部分熔融,部分岩体具有壳幔混合成因。研究表明,巴仑台一带的岩浆事件主要发生在早志留世—早泥盆世(435~408 Ma)、晚泥盆世—早石炭世(370~339 Ma)和晚石炭世—中二叠世(313~263 Ma)三个阶段,第一期岩浆事件是古天山洋闭合形成的后碰撞体制以及古南天山洋俯冲导致的大陆岛弧环境共同作用的结果。而古南天山洋俯冲活动的暂停和新一轮的洋盆扩张是导致区内中、晚泥盆世岩浆活动暂停的原因。第二期花岗质侵入体是古南天山洋第二期北向俯冲所导致的大陆岛弧岩浆作用的产物,而第三期花岗质侵入体形成于古南天山洋最终闭合之后的后碰撞环境中。通过总结区内古生代花岗质岩体的锆石的Hf同位素特征,我们认为巴伦台地区前寒武基底主要形成于三个阶段:1~2.47Ga至~2.26Ga,为研究区对全球陆核生长事件的响应;2~1.47Ga至~1.25Ga,对应于哥伦比亚超大陆的裂解;3~1.20Ga至~0.90Ga,很可能是研究区对导致罗迪尼亚超大陆聚合的"Grenville运动"的响应。     

一次多回击负地闪放电过程的甚高频辐射和传输特征分析

利用短基线时间差甚高频(VHF)辐射源定位系统对一次多回击负地闪放电过程进行详细研究发现, 负地闪的预击穿、梯级先导、直窜先导及回击后云内放电过程伴随有较强烈的VHF辐射。结合同步观测的闪电快、慢电场变化资料, 分析VHF辐射源时空发展特征发现, 预击穿阶段辐射源在云中的放电通道为双向发展, 平均速度均在104 m s-1量级, 预击穿下行分支直接转化为梯级先导, 并产生多个分支通道同时向地面发展, 先导平均速度在105 m s-1量级。继后回击之前先导过程均产生多个分支通道, 直窜先导平均速度在105～106 m s-1量级, 新开辟的梯级先导速度在105 m s-1量级。闪击间及地闪后期云内放电活动较为复杂, 主要表现为辐射源从闪电起始区域发展, 进一步延伸云内闪电通道。地闪后期多次负极性K变化过程(Kitagawa and Kobayashi, 1958)主要表现为负极性流光沿之前的正极性电离通道快速发展, 平均速度在106 m s-1量级。     

The spectra and temperature of cloud lightning discharge channel

Spectra of seven cloud lightning discharges are reported for the first time after captured with a Slit-less Spectrograph on Chinese Tibet Plateau. The structural characters are analyzed and compared with the spectra of cloud-to-ground lightning, and the results indicate that the spectra of cloud lightning show two different kinds of structure characteristics. One has the similar structure as those of cloud-toground lightning discharge, and the other is absolutely different. Meanwhile, more lines of OII with high excited energy are recorded in the spectra of cloud lightning discharge in comparison with that of cloud-to-ground lighting happening in the same region. Temperatures at different positions are calculated and temperature characteristics of these two sorts are analyzed, based to the wavelength, relative intensities and other transition parameters. We suggest that the physical process in the cloud discharge channels changes with much more rapid velocity and wider range compared to cloud-to-ground lightning. The differences between the two types of cloud discharge also reflect some discrepancies between the discharge characteristics. Supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40475007) and Foundation of Northwest Normal University (Grant No. NWNU-KJCXGC-03-21)     

雷暴下近地面电特性及其对人工引雷的影响

利用已建立的一维时变模式，对雷暴下近地面的电特性进行了计算。计算结果表明：由于地面的不规则性所产生的电晕电流密度可达２．０ｎＡ／ｍ＾２，由此而形成的空间电荷密度在１００ｍ密度以下可达１．１ｎＣ／ｍ＾３，传导电流可达３．５ｎＡ／ｍ＾２，并可延伸到１０００ｍ高度，形成０．１ｎＣ／ｍ＾３和１．０ｎＡ／ｍ＾２的电荷密度和电流密度。     

地闪与对流性天气系统中降水关系的分析

利用１９９７年夏季在中国科学院兰州高原大气物理所平凉雷电与暴雹实验站设置的３站闪电定位系统所取得的地闪资料与雷达、降水及探空等资料进行了对比分析,发现地闪与对流性天气中的降水有较好的相关性,这种相关性用来对一般性对流天气中降水进行估测是可行的。通过非线性回归近似拟合得到平均雨强与对应时段内的地闪数回归方程为Ｒ＝１．６９２ｌｎＦ－０．２７３,相关系数ｒ为０．８６４１。同时地闪频数与层结最大不稳定能量一样能够指示对流性天气的发生和发展。