华北地区一次中尺度对流系统上方的Sprite放电现象及其对应的雷达回波和闪电特征

利用低光度相机首次观测到了2013年7月31日华北地区一次中尺度对流系统(MCS)上空产生的中高层Sprite放电现象。结合闪电定位、天气雷达等同步观测, 对一次MCS诱发的Sprite的形态学特征及其对应的母体闪电和雷暴系统的雷达回波特征等进行了详细分析。研究除发现了2例圆柱型、3例胡萝卜型和1例舞蹈型 Sprite外, 还发现了2例发光主体发育不完全的Y字型Sprite。估算的Sprite的底部平均高度低于61.8±3.5 km, 顶部平均高度为84.3±6.8 km。Sprite持续时间算术平均值为25.7±9.8 ms, 几何平均值为24.4 ms。Sprite的母体闪电均为正地闪, 峰值电流在+62.5～+106.2 kA之间, 算术平均值为+77.1±22.2 kA, 是本次MCS所有正地闪平均峰值电流的1.4倍。Sprite母体闪电的脉冲电荷矩变化(iCMC)在+475～+922 C km之间, 几何平均值为+571.0 C km。Sprite母体闪电发生在MCS雷达回波25～35 dBZ的层状云降水区, 弱回波(<30 dBZ)面积的突然增加对Sprite的产生有重要指示作用。Sprite易发生在MCS成熟—消散阶段正地闪比例(POP)显著增加的时段。在本次MCS消散阶段中, 有两个时间段可能有利于产生Sprite。在Sprite集中发生时间段, 北京闪电综合探测网(BLNET)探测到的正地闪比例为54.2%, 正地闪连续电流比例70.24%, 连续电流持续时间为58.17±50.31 ms, 有利于Sprite的产生。     

南极中山站石榴石变粒岩的岩石学矿物学及其变质作用研究

本文报道了南极拉丝曼丘陵“中山站”石榴石变粒岩的岩石学和矿物化学特征;确定了其矿物组合及世代演化关系,利用电子探针分析了其特征变质矿物的化学组成,最后推断东南极拉丝曼丘陵地区曾发生过麻粒岩相变质作用和混合岩化作用。     

塔里木克拉通北缘阔克塔格西富碱侵入岩成因及其构造意义——锆石U- Pb年代学、岩石地球化学及Sr- Nd- Hf- O同位素制约

富碱侵入岩具有深源浅成的属性,是示踪地幔组成的窗口。位于东天山与塔里木克拉通北缘交界处的阔克塔格以西出露一处以正长岩为主体、包含少量中—基性岩石单元的富碱侵入岩。LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb测年显示其侵位于227~224 Ma之间,为印支期岩浆作用产物。该岩体具有富碱（Na2O+K2O=7. 93%~ 12. 28%）、富铝（Al2O3=15. 62%~18. 67%）、贫镁（MgO=0. 12%~4. 01%）、贫钛（TiO2=0. 14%~1. 63%）的特征,属于准铝质的（A/CNK=0. 78~1. 00）高钾钙碱性—钾玄岩系列。微量元素表现出高场强元素Nb、Ta、Th、U、Zr、Hf的富集,不相容元素Sr、P、Ti的亏损特征;轻重稀土分馏明显（（La/Yb）N=15. 09~34. 90）,表现为轻稀土强烈富集的右倾型曲线,Eu异常变化较大（δEu=0. 12~1. 72）。在同位素组成上,富碱侵入岩呈现相对宽泛但总体富集的全岩Sr- Nd和锆石Hf同位素特征,(87Sr/86Sr)i=0. 70489~0. 70581,εNd(t)=14. 56~6. 74,εHf(t)=11. 48~+3. 06,锆石δ18O值（5. 49‰~6. 87‰）略高于地幔值（5. 3‰±0. 6‰）。阔克塔格西富碱侵入岩具A1型花岗岩特征,形成于板内伸展构造环境中。基于主、微量元素及Sr- Nd- Hf- O同位素特征,笔者认为该杂岩体为同源岩浆演化产物,源于富集岩石圈地幔的原始岩浆上升并经历AFC（同化混染- 分离结晶）过程。晚三叠世塔里木克拉通北缘—东天山—北山地区处于板内构造体制,A1型花岗岩和正长岩差异化的时空分布特征很可能记录了古亚洲洋自西到东 “剪刀式”的闭合过程。     

Latest Devonian to earliest Carboniferous conodont and carbon isotope stratigraphy of a shallow‐water sequence in South China

To improve regional and intercontinental correlation of the uppermost Devonian–lowermost Carboniferous, we examined the conodont faunas and carbon isotopic records of the Tangbagou Formation in the Qilinzhai section, southern Guizhou, South China. The Tangbagou Formation is a succession of mixed carbonate–siliciclastic rocks that accumulated on a shallow‐water platform under normal marine conditions. Seven conodont zones for shallow‐water biofacies in South China, the Cl. gilwernensis–Cl. unicornis Zone, the Po. spicatus Zone, the Si. homosimplex Zone, the Si. sinensis Zone, the Si. eurylobata Zone, the Ps. multistriatus Zone and the Po. co. porcatus Zone in ascending order, are recognized in the Tangbagou Formation. Although apparently limited in its value for global correlation, this conodont zonation is more applicable to shallow‐water biofacies in South China. Carbonate samples have yielded carbon isotopic signatures consistent with those recorded in Euroamerica sections, in particular showing four distinct characteristics: (1) the peak values of Hangenberg Carbon Isotope Excursion (HICE) during the latest Devonian, (2) a minor positive shift (P1) in the Si. homosimplex Zone during the early Tournaisian, (3) a second minor positive shift (P2) in the Si. sinensis Zone and (4) the middle Tournaisian Carbon Isotope Excursion (TICE) in the middle part of the Tangbagou Formation. The similarity in peak values (~5.5‰) and magnitude of TICE for the Qilinzhai and Belgian sections indicates that the Euro‐asia δ¹³C_carb trends may reflect the changes in global mean ocean δ¹³C_DIC, rather than having been overprinted by local carbon cycling. Integration of conodont biostratigraphy and δ¹³C stratigraphy provides a powerful tool for stratigraphic correlation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南天山西段巴雷公花岗岩体的地质年代学及锆石Hf同位素特征——岩石成因及对构造演化的约束

位于中国南天山增生造山带西段的巴雷公岩体的岩石类型为黑云母二长花岗岩。岩体中2件样品的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为291±3 Ma和283±3 Ma。该岩体具有较高的SiO2(65.88%~72.99%)、K2O(4.23%~6.86%)和全碱含量(K2O+Na2O=7.45%~9.96%),呈现明显的Ba、Nb-Ta、Sr、P和Ti的负异常,以及轻稀土元素相对于重稀土元素的轻-中度富集和明显的Eu负异常(δEu=0.27~0.60)。上述这些特征与A型花岗岩一致。其锆石的εHf(t)值为-4.3~+1.7,二阶段Hf模式年龄为1.20~1.58 Ga。锆石Hf同位素和全岩地球化学特征暗示岩体起源于高温、低压条件下的下地壳中元古代角闪岩相变质基性火成岩的部分熔融。巴雷公岩体的围岩属于代表了南天山洋残迹的蛇绿混杂岩的一部分。巴雷公岩体无变形,侵入至蛇绿混杂岩单元中,具有"钉合岩体"的特点,从而为进一步限定洋盆闭合于二叠纪之前提供了证据。南天山增生造山带二叠纪岩体的Hf同位素均显示古老物源,揭示该增生造山带深部均为古老物质,是塔里木古老基底物质大量卷入的反映。     

不同闪电跃增算法在北京地区应用效果对比

基于S波段多普勒天气雷达基数据、北京闪电定位网全闪定位数据和北京地区降雹的人工观测结果,对比分析Gatlin和σ两种闪电跃增算法在不同配置下对北京地区2015—2018年共177次冰雹天气过程的预警效果。结果表明：不同倍数的σ算法预警结果差别很大,2σ（要求当前闪电频数变化率超过之前平均闪电频数变化率两倍标准差）在σ算法中的预警效果最佳;不同N（总闪频数变化率的数量）配置下的Gatlin算法的预警结果差别不大,其中当N=6时的预警效果最佳。2σ算法的命中率、虚警率和临界成功指数分别为80.2%,41.6%和51.1%,N=6的Gatlin算法的相应结果分别为82.5%,62.0%和35.2%。另外,详细分析了一次多单体雷暴过程和一次飑线过程中两种算法的应用情况,结果也表明Gatlin算法比2σ算法的命中率略高,但虚警率偏高很多,临界成功指数偏低。综合Gatlin算法和σ算法对冰雹预报结果评估情况,发现2σ闪电跃增算法更适于对北京冰雹天气的预警,对提升闪电数据在北京地区冰雹预报业务的可用度有一定参考价值。     

A Case Study of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activities in Hailstorms under Cold Eddy Synoptic Situation

There were three hailstorms in Shandong Province,caused by a same northeast cold eddy situation on 1 June 2002.Cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes occurring in the weather event were observed by Shandong Lightning Detection Network (SLDN),which consists of 10 sensors covering all over Shandong Province.The temporal and spatial distributions of CG lightning are investigated for the three hailstorms by using the data from SLDN,Doppler radar and satellite.The results show that different thunderstorms present different lightning features even if under the same synoptic situation.The percentage of positive CG lightning is very high during the period of hail falling.CG flashes mainly occurred in the region with a cloud top brightness temperature lower than -50°C.Negative CG flashes usually clustered in the lower temperature region and tended to occur in the region with maximum temperature gradient,while the positive ones usually spread discretely.Negative CG flashes usually occurred in intense echo regions with reflectivity greater than 50 dBz,while the positive CG flashes often occurred in weak and stable echo regions (10-30 dBz) or cloud anvils,although they can be observed in strong convective regions sometimes.Almost all hail falling took place in the stage with active positive flashes,and the peak positive flash rate is a little prior to the hail events.The thunderstorm could lead to disastrous weather when positive CG lightning activities occur in cluster.Severe thunderstorms sometimes present a low flash rate at its vigorous stage,which is probably caused by the"mechanism of chargeregion lift"through investigating the reflectivity evolution.Combined with the total lightning (intracloud and CG) data obtained by LIS onboard TRMM,the phenomenon of high ratio of intracloud flash to CG flash in severe hailstorm has been discussed.The competition of the same charge sources between different lightning types can also be helpful for explaining the cause of low CG lightning activities in severe storms.     

新型人工引雷专用火箭及其首次引雷实验结果

成功研制了一种新型的人工引雷专用火箭, 火箭箭体结构采用了新型复合材料, 质量轻, 并具有空中抛伞和放线功能。利用新型火箭和全新的雷电流及同步电磁场测量技术, 在2009年的山东人工引雷实验 (SHATLE2009) 中成功引发负极性云对地放电过程3次, 共包括6次大电流回击过程, 采用0.5 mΩ的大功率同轴分流器和宽带光纤传输技术测量到了0.1 μs时间分辨率的雷电流波形、以及距雷电通道30 m、60 m和480 m处的电磁场和6000 f/s的高速摄像观测资料。6次回击的电流峰值分布范围为11.2～16.3 kA, 几何平均值12.8 kA; 半峰值宽度为7.4～34.9 μs, 几何平均值21.6 μs; 10%～90%峰值的上升时间为0.5～1.4 μs, 几何平均值1.0 μs。成功的人工引发雷电实验证明新型引雷火箭安全性能好、可靠性高, 其成功研制为雷电物理过程和效应的研究, 以及雷电流波形资料的积累提供了重要的技术手段, 对制定具有我国自主知识产权的雷电防护标准等具有重要的应用价值。