全文获取类型
收费全文 | 7378篇 |
免费 | 1890篇 |
国内免费 | 2725篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 1090篇 |
大气科学 | 1290篇 |
地球物理 | 1581篇 |
地质学 | 5038篇 |
海洋学 | 1188篇 |
天文学 | 105篇 |
综合类 | 658篇 |
自然地理 | 1043篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 41篇 |
2023年 | 170篇 |
2022年 | 443篇 |
2021年 | 506篇 |
2020年 | 418篇 |
2019年 | 532篇 |
2018年 | 502篇 |
2017年 | 462篇 |
2016年 | 496篇 |
2015年 | 484篇 |
2014年 | 542篇 |
2013年 | 623篇 |
2012年 | 682篇 |
2011年 | 677篇 |
2010年 | 672篇 |
2009年 | 642篇 |
2008年 | 589篇 |
2007年 | 620篇 |
2006年 | 541篇 |
2005年 | 441篇 |
2004年 | 370篇 |
2003年 | 253篇 |
2002年 | 274篇 |
2001年 | 246篇 |
2000年 | 198篇 |
1999年 | 123篇 |
1998年 | 79篇 |
1997年 | 66篇 |
1996年 | 46篇 |
1995年 | 32篇 |
1994年 | 32篇 |
1993年 | 30篇 |
1992年 | 39篇 |
1991年 | 21篇 |
1990年 | 23篇 |
1989年 | 12篇 |
1988年 | 16篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 4篇 |
1984年 | 3篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 8篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1957年 | 2篇 |
1954年 | 6篇 |
1942年 | 1篇 |
1940年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
141.
用等压法研究了273 15K下LiCl-Li2B4O7-H2O体系中纯盐水溶液(离子强度范围为LiCl0 2046~2 5055mol·kg-1,Li2B4O70 1295~0 3700mol·kg-1)以及混合盐水溶液(离子强度范围为0 0931~2 4911mol·kg-1)渗透系数和水活度;计算了LiCl-Li2B4O7-H2O体系的饱和蒸汽压,获得饱和蒸汽压、渗透系数随离子强度的变化规律。用实验数据以最小二乘法求取了LiCl和Li2B4O7纯盐参数及体系的混合盐参数,拟合的标准偏差分别为0 0077和0 026。用该模型计算的渗透系数值与实验结果取得合理的一致。同时研究结果与273 15K下LiCl-Li2SO4-H2O体系的渗透系数随离子强度变化的规律作了比较。本研究对完善低温下含锂、硼盐湖卤水体系的热力学模型和盐湖资源的综合开发利用具有重要意义。 相似文献
142.
Distinguishing streamflow trends caused by changes in climate,forest cover,and permafrost in a large watershed in northeastern China
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《水文研究》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Understanding how rivers respond to changes in land cover, climate, and subsurface conditions is critical for sustainably managing water resources and ecosystems. In this study, long‐term hydrologic, climate, and satellite data (1973–2012) from the Upper Tahe River watershed (2359 km2) in the Da Hinggan Mountains of northeast China were analysed to quantify the relative hydrologic effects of climate variability (system input) and the combined influences of forest cover change and permafrost thaw (system characteristics) on average annual streamflow (system response) using 2 methods: the sensitivity‐based method and the Kendall–Theil robust line method. The study period was subdivided into a forest harvesting period (1973–1987), a forest stability period (1988–2001), and a forest recovery period (2002–2012). The results indicated that the combined effects of forest harvesting and permafrost thaw on streamflow (+ 47.0 mm) from the forest harvesting period to the forest stability period was approximately twice as large as the effect associated with climate variability (+20.2 mm). Similarly, from the forest stability period to the forest recovery period, the decrease in average annual streamflow attributed to the combined effects of forest recovery and permafrost thaw (?38.0 mm) was much greater than the decrease due to climate variability (?22.2 mm). A simple method was used to separate the distinct impacts of forest cover change and permafrost thaw, but distinguishing these influences is difficult due to changes in surface and subsurface hydrologic connectivity associated with permafrost thaw. The results highlight the need to consider multiple streamflow drivers in future watershed and aquatic ecosystem management. Due to the ecological and hydrological susceptibility to disturbances in the Da Hinggan Mountains, forest harvesting will likely negatively impact ecohydrological processes in this region, and the effects of forest species transition in the forest recovery process should be further investigated. 相似文献
143.
Piecewise prediction model for watershed‐scale erosion and sediment yield of individual rainfall events on the Loess Plateau,China
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《水文研究》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Yu Guo‐Qiang Zhang Mao‐Sheng Li Zhan‐Bin Li Peng Zhang Xia Cheng Sheng‐Dong 《水文研究》2014,28(21):5322-5336
Establishing a universal watershed‐scale erosion and sediment yield prediction model represents a frontier field in erosion and soil/water conservation. The research presented here was conducted on the Chabagou watershed, which is located in the first sub‐region of the hill‐gully area of the Loess Plateau, China. A back‐propagation artificial neural model for watershed‐scale erosion and sediment yield was established, with the accuracy of the model, then compared with that of multiple linear regression. The sensitivity degree of various factors to erosion and sediment yield was quantitatively analysed using the default factor test. On the basis of the sensitive factors and the fractal information dimension, the piecewise prediction model for erosion and sediment yield of individual rainfall events was established and further verified. The results revealed the back‐propagation artificial neural network model to perform better than the multiple linear regression model in terms of predicting the erosion modulus, with the former able to effectively characterize dynamic changes in sediment yield under comprehensive factor conditions. The sensitivity of runoff erosion power and runoff depth to the erosion and sediment yield associated with individual rainfall events was found to be related to the complexity of surface topography. The characteristics of such a hydrological response are thus closely related to topography. When the fractal information dimension is greater than the topographic threshold, the accuracy of prediction using runoff erosion power is higher than that of using runoff depth. In contrast, when the fractal information dimension is smaller than the topographic threshold, the accuracy of prediction using runoff depth is higher than that of using runoff erosion power. The developed piecewise prediction model for watershed‐scale erosion and sediment yield of individual rainfall events, which introduces runoff erosion power and runoff depth using the fractal information dimension as a boundary, can be considered feasible and reliable and has a high prediction accuracy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
144.
饮食地理文化作为地域文化中最具地方特色的重要元素,在现代人口大规模流动背景下呈现出全新的多样化局面,而基于传统认知的“南甜北咸”的地域分异已然不能代表中国现代食甜分布的空间特征。因此,本文采用网络爬虫技术,获取我国大陆31个省会城市共计约2000万条美食消费数据,从传统类菜品、主食类菜品、饮料类和甜品类菜品4个方面计算城市食甜度,在ArcGIS、MySQL软件支持下,借助GIS空间分析和数理统计方法探究我国现代食甜习惯的空间分布特征,分析影响食甜分布的因素。研究发现:① 中国食甜在空间分布上存在显著的地域分异特征,聚类分析评价参数R 2高达0.88,现代食甜习惯总体呈现“东高北中,西微内低”的包围式格局;② 从整体抑或局部角度,在1%显著性水平上莫兰指数均为正,中国食甜分布呈现显著的空间正相关关系,形成特色鲜明的3个地理集聚区,即以苏浙沪闽为主的东南沿海高甜集聚区,以渝黔川为主的西南内陆低甜集聚区和以陕宁为主的西北内陆低甜集聚区;③ 构建了中国现代食甜习惯分布影响因素模型,其拟合精度为0.82,分析结果显示降水、湿度、气温等气象要素及地理位置是影响现代我国食甜空间分布的重要因素。 相似文献
145.
A two‐dimensional coupled hydromechanical discontinuum model for simulating rock hydraulic fracturing
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Yu‐Yong Jiao Huan‐Qiang Zhang Xiu‐Li Zhang Hai‐Bo Li Qing‐Hui Jiang 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2015,39(5):457-481
Within the framework of our discontinuous deformation analysis for rock failure algorithm, this paper presents a two‐dimensional coupled hydromechanical discontinuum model for simulating the rock hydraulic fracturing process. In the proposed approach, based on the generated joint network, the calculation of fluid mechanics is performed first to obtain the seepage pressure near the tips of existing cracks, and then the fluid pressure is treated as linearly distributed loads on corresponding block boundaries. The contribution of the hydraulic pressure to the initiation/propagation of the cracks is considered by adding the components of these blocks into the force matrix of the global equilibrium equation. Finally, failure criteria are applied at the crack tips to determine the occurrence of cracking events. Several verification examples are simulated, and the results show that this newly proposed numerical model can simulate the hydraulic fracturing process correctly and effectively. Although the numerical and experimental verifications focus on one unique preexisting crack, because of the capability of discontinuous deformation analysis in simulating block‐like structures, the proposed approach is capable of modeling rock hydraulic fracturing processes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
146.
Muhammad Imran Khan Dong Liu Qiang Fu Muhammad Azmat Mingjie Luo Yuxiang Hu Yongjia Zhang Faiz M Abrar 《Journal of Earth System Science》2016,125(5):957-968
Variability in precipitation is critical for the management of water resources. In this study, the research entropy base concept was applied to investigate spatial and temporal variability of the precipitation during 1964–2013 in the Songhua River basin of Heilongjiang Province in China. Sample entropy was applied on precipitation data on a monthly, seasonally, annually, decade scale and the number of rainy days for each selected station. Intensity entropy and apportionment entropy were used to calculate the variability over individual year and decade, respectively. Subsequently, Spearman’s Rho and Mann–Kendall tests were applied to observe for trends in the precipitation time series. The statistics of sample disorder index showed that the precipitation during February (mean 1.09, max. 1.26 and min. 0.80), April (mean 1.12, max. 1.29 and min. 0.99) and July (mean 1.10, max. 1.20 and min. 0.98) contributed significantly higher than those of other months. Overall, the contribution of the winter season was considerably high with a standard deviation of 0.10. The precipitation variability on decade basis was observed to increase from decade 1964–1973 and 1994–2003 with a mean value of decadal apportionment disorder index 0.023 and 0.053, respectively. In addition, the Mann–Kendall test value (1.90) showed a significant positive trend only at the Shangzhi station. 相似文献
147.
YUNJUN YAO SHAOHUA ZHAO HUAWEI WAN YUHU ZHANG BO JIANG KUN JIA MENG LIU JINHUI WU 《Journal of Earth System Science》2016,125(6):1245-1253
Terrestrial latent heat flux (LE) in the Three-River Headwaters region (TRHR) of China plays an essential role in quantifying the amount of water evaporation and carbon sink over the high altitude Tibetan Plateau (TP). Global warming is expected to accelerate terrestrial hydrological cycle and to increase evaporation. However, direct field observations are lacking in this region and the long-term variability in LE remains uncertain. In this study, we have revised a semi-empirical Penman LE algorithm based on ground eddy covariance (EC) observations from an alpine grass site and provided new satellite-based evidence to assess LE change in the TRHR during 1982–2010. Our results show that the average annual terrestrial LE in the TRHR is about 38.8 W/m 2 and there is no statistically significant change in annual LE from 1982 to 2010. We also found that during the same time period, terrestrial LE over the east region of the TRHR significantly decreased, on average, by 0.7 W/m 2 per decade, which was driven primarily by the surface incident solar radiation (Rs) limitation, offsetting the increased LE over the west region of the TRHR caused by the increased precipitation (P) and soil moisture (SM). 相似文献
148.
149.
150.