水力切缝上方TBM滚刀贯入破坏机制模拟研究

为了提高坚硬岩层隧道掘进机（tunnel boring machine, TBM）贯入度和降低滚刀受力,高压水射流辅助TBM滚刀破岩已在工业界初步应用。为了揭示水力切缝滚刀破岩机制,基于水力切缝岩石滚刀贯入试验进行了三维颗粒流模拟,研究了滚刀贯入力和贯入刚度随切缝深度的变化规律,揭示了不同切缝深度滚刀纵横剖面内的裂纹扩展和力链演化过程,分析了拉裂纹和剪裂纹随切缝深度的变化规律,明确了不同切缝岩石滚刀贯入的破坏模式和破坏机制。结果表明,第1次贯入的贯入刚度和贯入力随切缝深度的增加大致呈线性降低,第2次贯入的峰值力和贯入刚度小于第1次。而且,50～80 mm刀间距的变化对峰值贯入力的影响并不显著。随着切缝深度的增加,滚刀下方力链集中区边缘的倾角变大。由此导致破坏倾向于倾斜向下发展,当刀间距增加时,破坏由切缝一侧倾斜破坏向两切缝中间岩脊倾斜破坏转变,研究结果可为TBM滚刀与水射流布置和切缝深度的选取提供一定参考。     

金汇港南闸外侧深坑的河床变形观测及冲淤分析

河床变形观测是水闸工程观测的重要部分,以金汇港南水闸为例,其内外河调水启闭闸门造成水流回旋,致使水闸内外港河床变形,在水闸外侧120 m处出现深坑.介绍Seabat T50-P多波束测深系统对水闸外侧河床变形观测的实施,结合两期观测的数据,使用Surfer软件建立河床地形的等值线图,并做出深坑形态变化及河床冲淤分析.研...     

Vicarious Cross-Calibration of the China Environment Satellite Using Nearly Simultaneously Observations of Landsat-7 ETM+ Sensor

To understand the absolute radiometric calibration accuracy of the HJ-A CCD-1 sensors, image from these sensors were compared to nearly simultaneously image from Landsat-7 ETM+ sensors. Although the HJ-A CCD-1 sensor has almost the same wavelength of each central band and band width as Landsat-7 ETM+ sensor, there is slightly difference in spectral response function (SRF). The impacts of SRF difference effects would produce ~2 % uncertainty in predicting reflectance of HJ-A CCD-1 sensor using Landsat-7 ETM+ sensor. The reflectance observed by satellite at top-of-atmosphere generally depends on its’ geometric conditions. The results reveal that the impacts of geometrical conditions would impact on the vicarious cross-calibration accuracy, which should be removed. The performances of cross-calibration are calibrated and validated by four image pairs collected from Yellow River Delta, China, and Qingdao City, China, at four independent times. The results indicate that the HJ-A CCD-1 sensors can be cross calibrated to the Landsat-7 ETM+ sensors to within an accuracy of 3.99 % (denoted by Relative Root Mean Square Error) of each other in all bands except band 4, which has a 6.33 % difference.     

IKONOS影像生产1：10000地理信息产品的研究

简要介绍了IKONOS卫星遥感影像适用于地理信息产品生产的特点，然后通过试验生产，并与传统的航片相比较，详细分析了利用IKONOS影像作为数据源生产1：10000基础信息产品在精度、生产流程、工作效率、生产周期、外业工作量和价格等方面的情况。     

Manganese olivine I: Electrical conductivity

To investigate the point defect chemistry and the kinetic properties of manganese olivine Mn₂SiO₄, electrical conductivity () of single crystals was measured along either the [100] or the [010] direction. The experiments were carried out at temperatures T=850–1200 °C and oxygen fugacities atm under both Mn oxide (MO) buffered and MnSiO₃ (MS) buffered conditions. Under the same thermodynamic conditions, charge transport along [100] is 2.5–3.0 times faster than along [010]. At high oxygen fugacities, the electrical conductivity of samples buffered against MS is 1.6 times larger than that of samples buffered against MO; while at low oxygen fugacities, the electrical conductivity is nearly identical for the two buffer cases. The dependencies of electrical conductivity on oxygen fugacity and temperature are essentially the same for conduction along the [100] and [010] directions, as well as for samples coexisting with a solid-state buffer of either MO or MS. Hence, it is proposed that the same conduction mechanisms operate for samples of either orientation in contact with either solid-state buffer.The electrical conductivity data lie on concave upward curves on a log-log plot of vs , giving rise to two regimes with different oxygen fugacity exponents. In the low- regime , the exponent, m, is 0, the MnSiO₃-activity exponent, q, is 0, and the activation energy, Q, is 45 kJ/mol. In the high regime 10^{ - 7} {\text{atm}}} \right)$$ " align="middle" border="0"> , m=1/6, q=1/4–1/3, and Q=45 and 200 kJ/mol for T<1100 °c=" and=">T>1100 °C, respectively.     

滇西北兰坪盆地金顶超大型矿床有机岩相学和地球化学

云南兰坪金顶矿床是世界上形成时代最新且唯一陆相沉积岩容矿的超大型铅锌矿床,也是中国目前最大的铅锌矿床,有机物质在金属成矿中可能发挥重要作用,受人关注.矿石及矿化岩石中产有包括干酪根、轻油、烃类气、重油、沥青及方解石中石油、甲烷包裹体等多种形式、产状和成熟度的有机物质,油气显示突出,古油气藏遗迹明显,是金顶古油气藏在铅锌成矿过程中热成熟、裂解和被改造、破坏不同阶段的产物.有机物质的氯仿沥青"A"变化大(72×106～395415.42×106)."A"的族组分中,总烃(58.47%)大于"非烃 沥青烯"(41.53%),饱和烃/芳香烃比值大于1,具Ⅰ型有机母质特征.有机转化率(A/C=0.5%～7.2%)较矿床外围岩石低,有机热成熟度高.矿石及矿化岩石中有机质的饱和烃包括正构烷烃、Pr、Ph和iC18等化合物,碳数分布介于C10～C34之间,C21 22/C28 29=0.78～3.582,Pr/C17=0.25～0.646,Ph/C18=0.39～1.57,有机母质为海相菌藻类.有机质中检测出萘、菲、三芳甾烷、联苯、荧蒽等芳香烃类化合物,菲系列化合物最为明显,MPI1=0.215～0.434,MPI2=0.252～0.588,菌藻等有机母质发育在高盐度还原沉积环境,烃源岩主要是三叠系残留海相碳质泥岩和泥灰岩.伴随金顶局部穹隆过程,很可能在金顶穹隆中形成油气藏,它是矿区铅锌快速大规模集中成矿的重要还原剂之一.     

亚洲大地构造的演化

<正> 一、引言 最近作者用板块构造观点编制了一幅八百万分之一的亚洲大地构造图。从这幅图可以清楚地认识到亚洲地质构造比较复杂。它并非从古以来就是一个完整的大陆块,而是由于地壳长期以来分离聚合演化的结果。板块构造在地球上开始于什么时候,目前尚无定论。亚洲大地构造图的编制,主要是从显生宙初期开始的。     

芦山地震前后次声波及重力波信号分析

2013年4月20日芦山地震（MS 7.0）发生前后,位于三峡库区的次声监测阵列记录下了一系列的次声波与重力波信号。文中首先对不同类型的地震次声波以及重力波做出概念上的区分,然后处理、分析采集到的信号,一一判定信号的类型,厘清次声信号、重力波信号与地震事件间的联系。文中讨论了次声压和大地垂直起伏运动之间的线性耦合,使用简正波叠加的方式生成了仿真地震波,并与次声波进行比较,判定4月20日接收到的地震次声波为本地次声波,次声波形与大地垂直运动速率的波形具有极高的相关度。文中还使用基于S变换的时频分析、基于互相关系数的时差计算以及三角阵定向等方法,对4月18日及22日接收到的重力波做了来波定向。经计算,4月22日来波方向约为254.3°,波速约为9 m/s,关联度最强的地震事件为21日凌晨发生的芦山地震余震（MS 4.9）,三角阵对芦山地震震中的反方位角为267.7°,方位角误差为13.4°;18日来波方向约为220.2°,波速约为28 m/s,关联度最强的地震事件为4月17日发生的云南大理地震（MS 5.1）及其余震,三角阵对此震中的反方位角为244.7°,方位角误差为24.5°。     

Current Gold Prospecting in China

In China, there are 12 types of gold deposits in 57 class-III metallogenic zones, formed in 7 main metallogenic periods. Most gold deposits are small or occur as ore spots; very large deposits are rare with relatively poor quality, mainly medium to low grade. Only 35% of the total gold reserves is identified, while a large amount of reserves is yet to be identified. In recent years, China Geological Survey has organized or conducted mineral resources survey and evaluation project, replacement resources prospecting for deposits in crisis, old mines prospecting and commercial prospecting funded or encouraged by the Central Government. These efforts have been fruitful. According to the temporal and spatial allocation of gold resources, and experiences from recent prospecting efforts, western China and the deep layers and peripheries of the-sits in eastern China have relatively high prospecting potential. The government should give even more support to the gold industry and strengthen technological innovation to help address difficulties in gold exploitation and processing. The government should also formulate consistent plans, consolidate mining rights, and promote integrated exploration, so as to achieve new major breakthroughs in gold prospecting. Gold is both a form of material wealth and a way of storing wealth. It is a rare resource with dual functions of commodity and currency. As an important global strategic asset and a cornerstone of financial reserves, gold plays an irreplaceable role in securing national economic development, maintaining financial security, strengthening national comprehensive power and promoting RMB internationalization. Based on latest research and prospecting results, the thesis proposes preliminary conclusions on types, temporal and spatial allocation, and exploration and development of gold deposits in China; predicts China’s gold resource potential; reviews recent gold prospecting and exploration efforts; and, in the hope of offering some reference for the new round of gold prospecting, exploration and planning, offers some suggestions.     

Effects of precipitation pulses on water and carbon dioxide fluxes in two semiarid ecosystems: measurement and modeling

Modeling of soil?Cwater, ?Cheat and ?Ccarbon (C) fluxes provides an important tool for predicting mass and energy transfers based on a hydraulic-, thermal- and C-mass balance approach. Model predictions were evaluated using measured data from two water-limited study sites, one pasture and one supporting an alfalfa crop, to indentify differences between these ecosystems. Soil water content, temperature, and evapotranspiration (ET) data were used to validate soil water dynamics components of a process-based numerical model. Soil surface CO₂ efflux estimates (i.e., fluxes from soil respiration) were also made to estimate soil CO₂ emissions. The results show that the Hydrus-1D numerical model can be parameterized to simulate the soil hydrodynamics and CO₂ fluxes measured at both locations. Rainfall and irrigation events triggering increases in plant root and microbial respiration rates were simulated to recreate observed pulsed CO₂ fluxes. There were distinct differences in ET and soil CO₂ effluxes between the ecosystems and watering events significantly modified the fluxes. Differences in potential evapotranspiration and soil texture could help explain these discrepancies. The results demonstrate that numerical modeling can be a useful tool for estimating soil surface fluxes in calibrated ecosystems when micrometeorological methods may not be suitable.