青藏高原雷暴的闪电特征及其成因探讨

通过对2003—2004年夏季青藏高原那曲地区30次雷暴过程的地面电场及闪电电场变化的分析,发现高原雷暴具有三极性电荷结构特征,其中73%(22次)的雷暴过程在其成熟阶段地面电场呈正极性,表明在雷暴云下部存在较常规雷暴范围广、电荷量大的正电荷区(LPCC),其余27%(8次)的雷暴同样具有三极性电荷结构特征,但LPCC相对要小得多。高原雷暴平均闪电频数一般只有1 fl.min-1,相对其它地区要小几十倍。对雷暴云闪电特征的进一步分析发现,具有较大LPCC的雷暴按照闪电特征可分为以云闪(IC)、负地闪(-CG)和正地闪( CG)为主的三类雷暴。结合气象参量分析发现IC型雷暴对应较高的地气温差和地表温度,相对湿度较小,而 CG型雷暴发生在傍晚,因此对应的地气温差偏小。     

东亚地区闪电产生Nox的时空分布特征

利用NASA提供的2.5°×2.5°卫星闪电格点资料(1995-2002年), 并根据纬度区分云闪和地闪后, 对东亚地区(75°～155°E, 0°～55°N)闪电产生NOX的时空分布进行分析, 结果表明 闪电产生的NOX在东亚地区的年总产量平均值为2.30 Tg, 自南向北存在7个极值中心, 它们分别集中于南部、中部和北部极值群内, 三个极值群的最大值分别为16.4, 12.7和5.46 Bg/grid/yr.与该地区NOX的非闪电排放源相比较, 闪电产生NOX的分布范围大, 年产量约为非闪电源年排放总量的23.闪电产生NOX的量在夏季最大, 其区域性特征很明显.地球表面特性的差异造成了闪电产生的NOX在经度分布上存在较大的不平衡性.在气候冷暖交替月份的中低纬度地区闪电产生NOX的增加对强雷暴活动年闪电产生NOX的贡献最为明显.     

华北一次强对流天气系统的地闪时空演变特征分析

利用地面雷电探测网,多普勒天气雷达和常规天气资料,分析了2005年8月1日发生在山东北部的一次具有前部对流线,后部大范围层状云降水(LLTS)的典型中尺度对流系统(MCS)的闪电活动演变特征。结果表明:整个过程中负地闪占主导地位,最高频数达到260次/5min;与负地闪比较,正地闪呈现不活跃状态。负地闪主要落在>40 dBz的强回波区内部及其边缘区域,而正地闪则分布在前部云砧和后部层状云降水区内。对地闪位置与回波强度的进一步对比分析发现,45~55 dBz的回波是最有利于地闪发生的区域,回波强度低于这一区域,随着回波强度的增大,地闪活动呈递增趋势,地闪频数在50~55 dBz的回波区域内达到峰值,>55 dBz的回波区域内地闪频数明显降低。     

华北一次中尺度对流系统中的闪电活动特征及其与雷暴动力过程的关系研究

利用地面地闪定位资料、多普勒天气雷达和常规气象资料, 分析了一次具有前部对流线和后部大范围层状云降水(LLTS)的典型中尺度对流系统(MCS)的闪电活动演变特征。整个MCS生命史中负地闪占主导地位, 正地闪则表现不活跃。观测得到MCS消散阶段云闪与地闪的比例为2∶1, 地闪主要分布在地面相对位温和对流不稳定能量均达到高值的区域; 负地闪主要密集地分布在大于40 dBZ的回波范围内; 正地闪则稀疏地分布在30～40 dBZ的回波范围内。在低于-40℃的温度区域内地闪分布较多, 而密集的地闪分布在温度梯度大的区域内。结合单多普勒雷达的水平风场反演, 发现地闪集中出现在气流表现为气旋性切变或水平风呈现切变的区域。该区域与MCS的强回波区相对应, 并且地闪易发生在上升气流达到最大并开始出现下沉气流的阶段。     

Charge source of cloud-to-ground lightning and charge structure of a typical thunderstorm in the Chinese Inland Plateau

GPS-synchronized measurements of electric (E) field changes induced by lightning flashes were recorded at six stations in the northeastern verge of the Tibetan Plateau. The height and magnitude of charge neutralized by 65 return strokes, including 16 negative cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes and 2 positive CG flashes, have been fitted with the nonlinear least-square method based on the E field changes of CG flashes observed in a typical thunderstorm with larger-than-usual lower positive charge center (LPCC). Results show that the height of the charge region neutralized by negative CG flashes ranges from 3 km to 5 km above the ground, corresponding to an ambient temperature between − 2 °C and − 15 °C. For the two positive CG flashes, the neutralized charge regions are located at a height of about 5.5 km and the ambient temperature is about − 18 °C, indicating the existence of upper positive charge in the thunderstorm.     

中国区域940nm带整层大气水汽透过率的参数化模式

用MODTRAN模拟计算了全国34个地点的逐月和全年平均大气模式在940 nm波段的水汽透过率,并拟合出每种大气模式水汽透过率与水汽量经验关系式中的参数a、b。结果表明,参数a、b值与模式的整层大气可降水量有较好的相关性,并建立了a-W、b-W的经验关系式,且该关系式与海拔高度H(地面气压p0)有关。最后分析了a、b值的变化对地基消光反演水汽量精度的影响。     

A review of atmospheric electricity research in China

The importance of atmospheric electricity research has been increasingly recognized in recent decades. Research on atmospheric electricity has been actively conducted since the 1980 s in China. Lightning physics and its effects, as important branches of atmospheric electricity, have received more attention because of their significance both in scientific research and lightning protection applications. This paper reviews atmospheric electricity research based primarily on ground-based field experiments at different regions in China in the last decade. The results described in this review include physics and effects of lightning, rocket-triggered lightning and its physical processes of discharge, thunderstorm electricity on the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas, lightning activity associated with severe convective storms, the effect and response of lightning to climate change, numerical simulation of thunderstorm electrification and lightning discharge, lightning detection and location techniques, and transient luminous events above thunderstorms.     

Logging data representation based on XML

As an open standard of data representation,XML breathes new energy to the Web application and the network computing.The development,advantage and status of XML and some standards relating to XML are reviewed.In addition,the authors put forward a method representing logging data and using UML language to establish the conceptual and logical model of logging data;using a logging data,explain how to establish the model as well as how to use XML to display and process geology data.     

Interpretation of remote sensing of geological structures and prediction of gold mineralization in Mohe area and its adjacent region

The authors took the ETM multi-spectra data as the data information and correlation coefficient for each band and carried out their information volume statistics. According to certain criteria, the authors also determined the optimum band-combined image. The image clarity is improved by various enhancements and fusions method. Based on remote sensing geological interpretation in detail, the relationship between remote sensing geological characters and gold mine were analyzed systemically. Using all kinds of remote sensing structure information, combining other research data, the authors determined mainly ore-controlling ore structure. Several prospective areas of gold ores were determined and furthermore significant finding mine target areas was confirmed.     

Implementation method of Oil and Gas Geologic Information System with ArcGIS Engine

ComGIS is the mainstream of developing GIS currently. Developing Geographic Information System with the technology of components can reduce the difficulties of developing, improving the developing efficiency and enhancing the flexibility and opening of system. ArcObjects（AO） is based on the technology of COM, and ArcGIS Engine（AE） is a set of embedded AO which can extend to various platforms. Compared with AO, Ar- cGIS Engine can shorten the period of developing and improve the efficiency greatly. Having introduced the techniques of ArcObjects and ArcGIS Engine, we offer the method of developing GIS with Visual Basic and ArcGIS Engine with Oil and Gas Geologic Information System.