Regional distribution and diurnal variation of deep convective systems over the Asian monsoon region

Using 12 years of data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)-based Precipitation Radar(PR),spatial and diurnal variations of deep convective systems(DCSs)over the Asian monsoon region are analyzed.The DCSs are defined by a 20 dBZ echo top extending 14 km.The spatial distribution of DCSs genesis is also discussed,with reference to the National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)reanalysis data.The results show that DCSs occur mainly over land.They concentrate in south of 20°N during the pre-monsoon season,and then move distinctly to mid-latitude regions,with the most active region on the south slope of the Himalayas during monsoon season.DCSs over the Tibetan Plateau are more frequent than those in central-eastern China,but smaller in horizontal scale and weaker in convective intensity.DCSs in central-eastern China have more robust updrafts and generate more lightning flashes than in other Asian monsoon regions.The horizontal scale of DCSs over the ocean is larger than that over the other regions,and the corresponding minimum infrared(IR)brightness temperature is lower,whereas the convective intensity is weaker.Continental DCSs are more common from noon through midnight,and DCSs over the Tibetan Plateau are more frequently from noon through evening.Oceanic DCSs frequency has a weaker diurnal cycle with dawn maximum,and diurnal variation of DCSs over the tropical maritime continent is consistent with that over the continent.     

雪崩、分形与雷暴放电中强闪的自组织演化

强调了雪崩、分形与远离平衡系统自组织演化的联系。利用2003年夏季青藏高原中部地区雷暴放电的地面电场野外观测资料,基于近年来发展的分形及多重分形分析中的去势涨落分析(detrend-ed fluctuation analysis,DFA)方法,对强闪前电场信号的关联及多重分形特征进行了分析,发现强放电前过程具有明显的分形和多重分形特征,多重分形谱与推广的二项倍增串级模式符合。分析在一定程度上表明了雷暴强放电发生的可能的自组织演化性。     

Reliability Index of Caisson Breakwaters for Load Variables Correlated

In order to suit the condition that the wave uplift is correlated with the horizontal wave load acting on a vertical breakwater, a generally used method for determining the reliability index β of the breakwater, i.e. the Hasofer-Lind method, is extended in a generalized stochastic space for correlative variables. The computational results for a caisson breakwater indicate that the value of β for the case of correlated variables is obviously smaller than that for the case of independent variables.     

北京闪电综合探测网(BLNET):网络构成与初步定位结果

北京闪电综合探测网(Beijing Lightning NETwork, 简称BLNET)由10个观测站组成, 每个子站主要由闪电快、慢电场变化测量仪(也称快、慢天线)和闪电甚高频(VHF)辐射探测仪构成, 实现了对闪电的多频段的综合观测。本文首先详细介绍了BLNET的网络构成, 然后利用蒙特卡罗法对网络的定位误差进行了理论分析, 模拟结果表明网络内部水平定位误差小于200 m, 网络外部100 km处水平定位误差小于3 km, 最后利用Chan氏算法和Levenberg-Marquardt算法相结合的方法, 对发生在2013年7月7日的一次雷暴过程分别进行了地闪和云闪定位, 将定位结果和对应时次的雷达回波进行比较, 发现地闪和云闪都出现在大于30 dBZ的雷达回波区, 表明了探测网络和定位方法的可靠性。     

中国内陆高原地区典型雷暴过程的地闪特征及电荷结构反演

利用2002年夏季在青海省大通县进行的雷暴及闪电综合观测实验中所获取的6站GPS同步闪电电场变化资料,对8月4日一次下部具有大范围正电荷区的典型性雷暴过程的雷电特征进行详细研究。利用点电荷模式对16次负地闪和2次正地闪所包含的共65次回击所中和电荷源进行的非线性最小二乘法拟合研究发现,负地闪所中和的负电荷距离地面的相对高度在3~5 km,而两次正地闪所中和的雷暴云电荷在5~6 km的高度,表明该雷暴云呈三极性电荷结构。负地闪单次回击所中和电荷量平均为1.48 C,而两次正地闪都为单次回击且中和的电荷量分别为1.37 C和2.68 C。     

Analysis of the Initial Stage Intracloud Lightning Using the Pulse Location Technique Based on the Fast Electric Field Change

Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029 2 Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000 3 Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou 730000 4 Nanjing University of Information Science＆Technology,Nanjing 210044
Using both fast and slow electric field change sensors and field mill,multi-station observations on lightning flashes over China inland plateau areas were conducted during the summer of 2004.All of the stations were synchronized by GPS with a time-resolution of±50 ns.Using the different time of arrival（DTOA）and based on the fast electric field change sensor,a lightning radiation location technique was developed.Radiation pulses in the initial stages of five intracloud（IC）lightning discharges which occurred on 20 August were analyzed.The results indicate that the technique developed could effectively locate the lightning radiation sources.Furthermore,the lightning discharges were compared with the Doppler radar data.The results show that the radiation sources were well associated with the storm development.When the storm was at the mature stage with an echo top of about 10.9 km,the radiation sources ranged from 5.2 to 8.3 km above mean sea level;when the storm gradually became weaker,with echo top of about 7.9 km,the radiation sources ranged from 3.0 to 5.9 km.In particular,one of the IC lightning discharges ranged from 3.0 to 4.9 km during the dissipation stage of the storm.The results also indicate that the radiation sources were closely associated with the high reflectivity region（25–50 dBZ）of the storm,which,to some extent,demonstrates the reliability of the location results,thereby showing that multi-station observations of fast electric field change sensors could be a useful tool for monitoring the storm development.Location errors from radiation sources were also compared with the radar data and the results of a simple simulation.It was found that the errors were getting smaller when the radiation sources approached the center of the detection network, and vice versa.Compared with the limited experimental observations,the simulation results were found capable of effectively reflecting the location errors.     

短基线时间差闪电辐射源探测系统和初步定位结果

介绍了一种新型的闪电探测设备———短基线时间差法辐射源定位系统,并选取2002年夏季野外观测实验中的辐射源定位结果,结合电场变化特征分别对两次地闪和云闪进行了分析。结果表明,该系统对地闪先导过程和云闪产生的辐射源能够较好地定位。定位结果的个例分析证实,观测地区的两次云闪放电过程都由起始于云下部负电荷区的负极性击穿引发,然后向上发展到上部正电荷区,通道的发展速度约为1.29×105m·s-1,地闪梯级先导的传播速度约为1.73×105m·s-1。     

首次回击具有双接地点的地闪光学和电学特征的个例分析

利用成像率为1000幅／s的数字化高速摄像系统和时间分辨率为1μs的快、慢天线闪电电场变化测量仪在广州附近观测到一次首次回击具有两个接地点的负极性地闪。两个分支到达地面的时间间隔约为30μs;在发生回击R2时,其中一个分支的直窜先导发展成为企图先导。观测发现M一分量的发光要比梯级先导强;回击间的K一变化与云中的在击穿和通道的延伸有关,但不引起云地间通道的发光。光学和电场变化的同步观测证实了直窜一梯级先导的发展速度与前一次回击的时间间隔有关,较快的先导发展速度对应于较短的回击时间间隔,较慢的发展速度对应于较长的回击时间间隔。另外,本文在资料分析的基础上,提出了产生双接地点的四种可能原因。     

雷暴云不同空间电荷结构数值模拟研究

利用一个三维时变双参数动力电耦合模式对决定雷暴云空间电荷结构的三个初始场：反转温度、中心最大扰动位温和扰动区域进行模拟对比研究。结果表明,选取不同的参数值,雷暴云电结构有很大差异,从而解释了在不同地区、季节、强度的雷暴云中所观测到得不同的空间电荷结构的原因。     

全球闪电活动与气候变化

全球闪电活动与气候变化关系的研究正受到越来越多的重视,该文从卫星上观测到的全球闪电活动、闪电活动和全球电路对温度的响应,闪电和对流层上部水汽的联系,闪电和N0,等几方面进行了阐述,指出了闪电活动在气候变化研究中的重要性。同时,文中还对影响闪电活动和起电过程的热力动力作用以及气溶胶的作用等进行了分析。