Division of Gas Accumulation System and Laws Controlling Distribution of Natural Gas in Typical Petroliferous Basins of China

Considering the existing problems of the petroleum system, this paper brings forward the concept of natural gas accumulation system and presents the dividing principles. Then detailed statistics on the accumulation factors of the 32 typical natural gas accumulation systems in China and studies on the laws controlling distribution of gas are collected. The research shows that the petroleum accumulation system is the basic unit controlling petroleum generation, migration and accumulation. Generating intensity, generating amount, accumulating efficiency and migration distance plays an important role in the distribution of natural gas. Through analysis on results of resources evaluation, discovered reserves and residual reserves, potential areas in middle-scaled petroliferous basins in China are forecasted in this paper. Ordos, Sichuan, Tarim and Qaidam basins are found out to be the main basins developing and enriching gas accumulation systems.     

On crustal movement in Mt. Qomolangma area

Mt. Qomolangma lies in the collision zone between the fringe of Eurasia plate and Indian plate. The crustal movement there is still very active so far. In the past three decades China carried out five geodetic campaigns in Mt. Qomolangma and its north vicinal area, independently or cooperatively with other countries, including triangulation, leveling, GPS positioning, atmospheric, astronomical and gravity measurements. On the basis of the observation results achieved in the campaigns the crustal movements in the area were studied and explored. A non-stationary phenomenon both in time and space of the crustal vertical movement in the area is found. There seems to be some relevance between the phenomenon of non-stationary in time and seismic episode in China. The phenomenon of non-stationary in space is possibly relevant to the no-homo- geneity of crustal medium and non-uniform absorption of terrestrial stress. The horizontal crustal movement in the area is in the direction of NEE at a speed of 6–7 cm per year, and the trend of strike slip movement is manifested evidently in the collision fringe of Indian plate and Qinghai-Xizang block.     

基于规则知识的空间推理研究

在一般空间推理的基础上 ,提出了空间推理扩展 ,即基于规则知识的空间推理。该方法结合了人工智能的基本原理 ,继承并发展了空间推理的方法学 ,其推理过程建立在空间知识与模型集成的基础上 ,以规则知识为推理控制 ,因而更符合实际 ,具有更大的灵活性。实例验证了本方法的正确性。     

陕西省夏季降水量的长期变化趋势

对榆林、西安、汉中夏季降水量的历年变化进行分析，并用灰色拓扑方法作了趋势预测。分析表明，关中的初夏旱和伏旱突出，半湿润地区的西安夏季多年平均降水量比半干旱地区的榆林还少。自１９５１年以来，陕西省夏季降水量的总趋势是：关中、陕南有下降趋势，而陕北下降趋势不明显。另外，关中、陕南的夏季降水还存在连续几年多雨或连续几年少雨的时段，而陕北则呈现出少雨年和多雨年交替出现的高频振荡。     

硫酸盐渍土膨胀规律的综合影响因素的试验研究

对含氯化钠硫酸盐渍土的膨胀规律作了综合影响因素的研究，首次提出了５因素盐胀率的计算公式，并得出了盐胀率的单因素和交互作用影响的规律；另外找出了某些因素的定量指标。     

欠压实地层古地层压力恢复的统计模拟法及其在松辽盆地中的应用

恢复烃源岩古地层压力和对于研究其生留排烃过程具有重要意义。Ｎａｋａｙａｍａ［１］等在开展盆地模拟研究时应用Ｒｕｂｅｙ（１９５９）和Ｃｈａｐｍａｎ（１９７）等人提出的数学地质模型对欠压实地层的古地层压力进行恢复。本文通过对松辽盆地欠压实地层的研究发现欠压实因子随地层厚度、埋深、围岩渗透性等地质条件的不同而改变，在此基础上提出了欠压实地层压力恢复的统计模拟法，克服了目前Ｎａｋａｙａｍａ［１］等将地层埋藏过程中的欠压实因子视为常数的不足，从而使计算结果更接近实际。统计模拟法在松辽盆地的应用结果表明了这一方法在实用中的可行性和有效性。     

开滦荆各庄矿FE9'断层研究

通过9煤层、11煤层、12-1煤 层中 工程对 FE9'断层的 揭露 ,并结合 巷探 、钻探 等手段 ,对 FE9'断层 的空 间 展布有了新 的认 识。对 周边 12-2煤层 的规划 开发、断层样 式的 认识乃 至井 田应力 场分 布的研 究提 供了依 据。     

Asynchronous Holocene climatic change across China

A review of Holocene climatic variations in different parts of China shows that they were asynchronous. Proxy data from ice cores, pollen, loess, lacustrine sediments, and changes of sea and lake levels demonstrate that many warm and cold oscillations have occurred in China during the Holocene, including a most important climatic event known as the “Holocene optimum,” a milder and wetter period, and that the duration and amplitude of the optimum period, as well as its start and end times, differed in different parts of China. Uplift of the Tibetan plateau over the past millions of years led to the development of the monsoon climate and to complex atmospheric circulation over continental China during the Holocene. As a result, the Holocene optimum began and terminated earlier in high-altitude regions of western China than at lower elevations in eastern China, and the amplitude of the variations was lower in the east. This suggests that the western higher-altitude areas were more sensitive to climatic change than were the eastern lower-altitude areas. Holocene climatic records in the Dunde and Guliya ice cores do not correspond. Inverse δ¹⁸O variations between the two cores indicate that the effects of climate and atmospheric processes on the stable isotopes at the two sites differed. The correlation between the isotopic composition of carbonates in lake deposits in western China and climatic variations is similar to that in the ice cores. The climatic resolution in ice cores and lake sediments is higher than that in other media. The lack of precise correspondence of climatic records constructed on the basis of proxy data from different parts of China is a result of the different locations and elevations of the sampling sites, the different resolutions of the source material, and the varied climatic conditions within China. Further work is needed to confirm both the conclusions and the inferences presented here.     

Analysis of Main Controlling Factors of Overburden Failure in Coal Mining Under Thick Coal Seam Geological Conditions

According to the theory of elastic mechanics half plane, the mechanical model of roof overburden failure is established. Based on the numerical simulation software FLAC^3D, the failure process of roof overburden in 1308 working face is numerically simulated according to the orthogonal experimental design scheme. Matrix analysis and variance analysis are used to analyze and calculate the simulation results to determine the sensitivity of the main control factors to the failure height of overlying rock of mining roof. The results show that: (1) with the increase of mining depth and the advancing distance of working face, the subsidence of roof overburden increases. (2) The order of influence of main controlling factors on roof overburden failure height is: mining depth > working face length > internal friction angle > mining thickness > coal seam dip angle > cohesion > tensile strength. (3) Variance analysis showed that the mining depth height was significant, the working face length and internal friction angle were significant, and the significance of working face length was slightly greater than that of internal friction angle, and other factors were not significant.

     

Groundwater recharge in an arid grassland as indicated by soil chloride profile and multiple tracers

Previous studies have shown that shallow groundwater in arid regions is often not in equilibrium with near‐surface boundary conditions due to human activities and climate change. This is especially the case where the unsaturated zone is thick and recharge rate is limited. Under this nonequilibrium condition, the unsaturated zone solute profile plays an important role in estimating recent diffuse recharge in arid environments. This paper combines evaluation of the thick unsaturated zone with the saturated zone to investigate the groundwater recharge of a grassland in the arid western Ordos Basin, NW China, using the soil chloride profiles and multiple tracers (²H, ¹⁸O, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, and water chemistry) of groundwater. Whereas conventional water balance and Darcy flux measurements usually involve large errors in recharge estimations for arid areas, chloride mass balance has been widely and generally successfully used. The results show that the present diffuse recharge beneath the grassland is 0.11–0.32 mm/year, based on the chloride mass balance of seven soil profiles. The chloride accumulation age is approximately 2,500 years at a depth of 13 m in the unsaturated zone. The average Cl content in soil moisture in the upper 13 m of the unsaturated zone ranges from 2,842 to 7,856 mg/L, whereas the shallow groundwater Cl content ranges from 95 to 351 mg/L. The corrected ¹⁴C age of shallow groundwater ranges from 4,327 to 29,708 years. Stable isotopes show that the shallow groundwater is unrelated to modern precipitation. The shallow groundwater was recharged during the cold and wet phases of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene humid phase based on palaeoclimate, and consequently, the groundwater resources are nonrenewable. Due to the limited recharge rate and thick unsaturated zone, the present shallow groundwater has not been in hydraulic equilibrium with near‐surface boundary conditions in the past 2,500 years.