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991.
Influences of grass and moss on runoff and sediment yield on sloped loess surfaces under simulated rainfall 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
It is important to evaluate the impacts of grasses on soil erosion process so as to use them effectively to control soil and water losses on the Loess Plateau. Laboratory-simulated rainfall experiments were conducted to investigate the runoff and sediment processes on sloped loess surfaces with and without the aboveground parts of grasses and moss (GAM: grass and moss; NGAM: no grass and moss) under slope gradients of 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25° and 30°. The results show that runoff from GAM and NGAM plots increased up to a slope gradient of 10° and decreased thereafter, whereas the runoff coefficients increased with gradient. The average runoff rates and runoff coefficients of NGAM plots were less than those of GAM plots except for the 5° slope. This behaviour may be due to the reduction in water infiltration under moss. The difference between GAM and NGAM plots in average runoff rates varied from 1·4 to 8%. At the same gradients, NGAM plots yielded significantly (α = 0·05) more sediment than GAM plots. Average sediment deliveries for different slopes varied from 0·119 to 3·794 g m−2 min−1 from GAM plots, and from 0·765 to 16·128 g m−2 min−1 from NGAM plots. Sediment yields from GAM plots were reduced by 45 to 85%, compared with those from the NGAM plots. Plots at 30° yielded significantly higher sediments than at the other gradients. Total sediments S increased with slope gradients G in a linear form, i.e. S = 9·25G − 39·6 with R2 = 0·77*, for the GAM plots, and in an exponential model, i.e. S = 40·4 exp(0·1042G) with R2 = 0·93**, for the NGAM plots. In all cases, sediment deliveries decreased with time, and reached a relative steady state at a rainfall duration of 14 min. Compared with NGAM plots, the final percentage reductions in sediment delivery from GAM plots were higher than those at the initial time of rainfall at all slopes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
992.
介绍了一种使用全站仪同向观测、利用差值计算,配合垂直方向全站仪定位,精确测定泳池长度的方法,克服了现场无法架设仪器和目标棱镜的困难,减少了投点误差、仪器常数误差的影响,该方法还可以用于检验标准长度和仪器加常数。 相似文献
993.
994.
大陆盆地的聚敛-闭合过程研究:以塔里木盆地为例 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
印度与欧亚大陆第三纪以来碰撞汇聚,造成亚洲大陆内部强烈缩短变形。塔里木盆地如何发生相应的变形调节和应变分解,成为中亚板内构造的重要问题。塔里木陆块新生代以来被板内造山带及走滑断裂系环绕,盆地内部以刚性为特征,未发生强烈构造变形。区域大断裂与塔里木盆地的冲断、走滑构造边界共同作用,形成盆地边缘复杂的构造系。其新生代构造变形主要集中于盆地的构造边界上,4条构造边界显示差异性的运动特征和构造交切关系。盆地边缘构造带叠加并向盆内扩展,造成盆地总体上水平缩短,并发生应变分解。盆地内部发生沉积-构造分异,发育前陆盆地、前缘隆起、复合前陆盆地、拉分盆地等单元。其中,盆地西北缘及西南缘发生陆内俯冲,形成前陆盆地及前陆冲断带,对盆内构造演化有重要影响。区域构造研究表明,塔里木盆地新生代主要发生了4期区域构造变形,第三纪以来还发生顺时针旋转。大陆盆地构造边界上的运动组合、盆内不均匀阻挡和滑脱拆离,造成其变形扩展方式的差异,并影响盆内单元构造演化。因此,塔里木盆地是认识大陆盆地聚敛与闭合过程的天然实验室。 相似文献
995.
996.
997.
Study of shallow groundwater quality evolution under saline intrusion with environmental isotopes and geochemistry 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Evolution of the shallow groundwater quality under saline intrusion in porous aquifer system has been studied with environmental
isotopes and geochemistry in the Laizhou Bay area, China. Two campaigns of water sampling from various sources were carried
out in spring and winter for environmental isotopic and chemical analyses. The origin of groundwater salinity from intrusion
of both modern seawater and deep brine water was identified by analysing the correlations between 18O, D, T, Cl−, SO42− and electrical conductivity. The results indicate that the brine is originated from evaporating and concentrating of intruded
seawater and its δD and δ18O are different from modern seawater but similar to those of mixture of seawater with fresh groundwater. It is hard to distinguish
the salinity origin in this area by the δD–δ18O relationship alone. The relations between δ18O and conductivity, Cl− and SO42− have been used to identify the salinity origin due to the distinct difference in salinity between the brine and seawater,
conjunctively with use of T. A threshold of T = 12 TU was adopted to identify the origin of saline groundwater. 相似文献
998.
构建了制定梯级水库群联合优化调度函数的"优化-拟合-再优化-随机仿真"框架:首先建立梯级水库群优化调度模型,通过确定性动态规划方法得到最优样本;然后对最优样本进行多元线性回归分析得到联合调度函数;并基于模拟调度结果采用非线性规划方法直接修正调度函数;最后通过水文随机模拟技术生成径流系列,进一步检验、评价所得调度函数的效率。以清江梯级水库群长期优化调度为对象进行实例研究,计算结果表明:对于1951-2005年实测径流系列,梯级水库群联合优化调度函数较常规调度方案年均增加发电量2.03亿kW·h,增幅达2.79%;对于两种随机模拟方法生成的水文径流系列,年均发电量分别提高了1.74%和2.36%,经济效益显著。 相似文献
999.
在煤田测井中,井径的变化对其它测井参数是一种干扰,但利用井径的相对变化值(井径扩大系数),可有效地评估岩石的强度等级和可采煤层顶底板的稳定性。统计鱼卡煤田东部勘探区29个钻孔孔径的变化值,按岩石抗压强度划分原则,将其七煤顶板稳定性划分为5个等级,据此固定了该煤田七煤顶板稳定性分布图。 相似文献
1000.
Ali Polat Peter W.U. Appel Robert Frei Yuanming Pan Yldrm Dilek Juan C. Ordez-Caldern Brian Fryer Julie A. Hollis Johann G. Raith 《Gondwana Research》2007,11(1-2):69
The Mesoarchean (ca. 3075 Ma) Ivisaartoq greenstone belt in southern West Greenland includes variably deformed and metamorphosed pillow basalts, ultramafic flows (picrites), serpentinized ultramafic rocks, gabbros, sulphide-rich siliceous layers, and minor siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. Primary magmatic features such as concentric cooling-cracks and drainage cavities in pillows, volcanic breccia, ocelli interpreted as liquid immiscibility textures in pillows and gabbros, magmatic layering in gabbros, and clinopyroxene cumulates in ultramafic flows are well preserved in low-strain domains. The belt underwent at least two stages of calc-silicate metasomatic alteration and polyphase deformation between 2963 and 3075 Ma. The stage I metasomatic assemblage is composed predominantly of epidote (now mostly diopside) + quartz + plagioclase ± hornblende ± scapolite, and occurs mainly in pillow cores, pillow interstitials, and along pillow basalt-gabbro contacts. The origin of this metasomatic assemblage is attributed to seafloor hydrothermal alteration. On the basis of the common presence of epidote inclusions in diopside and the local occurrence of epidote-rich aggregates, the stage I metasomatic assemblage is interpreted as relict epidosite. The stage II metasomatic assemblage occurs as concordant discontinuous layered calc-silicate bodies to discordant calc-silicate veins commonly associated with shear zones. The stage II metasomatic assemblage consists mainly of diopside + garnet + amphibole + plagioclase + quartz ± vesuvianite ± scapolite ± epidote ± titanite ± calcite ± scheelite. Given that the second stage of metasomatism is closely associated with shear zones and replaced rocks with an early metamorphic fabric, its origin is attributed to regional dynamothermal metamorphism. The least altered pillow basalts, picrites, gabbros, and diorites are characterized by LREE-enriched, near-flat HREE, and HFSE (especially Nb)-depleted trace element patterns, indicating a subduction zone geochemical signature. Ultramafic pillows and cumulates display large positive initial εNd values of + 1.3 to + 5.0, consistent with a strongly depleted mantle source. Given the geological similarities between the Ivisaartoq greenstone belt and Phanerozoic forearc ophiolites, we suggest that the Ivisaartoq greenstone belt represents Mesoarchean supra-subduction zone oceanic crust. 相似文献