核磁共振找水方法的现状和发展趋势

简要介绍了利用核磁共振（ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ ｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃ ｒｅｓｏｎａｎｃｅ,缩写为ＮＭＲ）技术找水方法的发展状况、原理和方法特点,重点介绍了中国地质大学（武汉）ＮＭＲ科研组,利用ＮＭＲ找水方法在中国一些地区找水取得的成效,最后指出了ＮＭＲ找水方法的发展趋势。     

不同植物凋落物对土壤有机碳淋失的影响及岩溶效应

以低含量有机碳的岩溶土壤（ＳＯＣ, ０．８９％）为媒介,每１５０ｇ上添加松针、梧桐叶粉各 ７．５ｇ,１５ｇ,４个试验土柱号分别为ＳＣＣ３,ＳＣＣ５;ＳＢＣ３,ＳＢＣ５,接种岩溶土壤微生物群落后,于 恒温室内进行培养淋溶实验。结果表明,土壤淋溶液的电导值受土壤有机质含量多少及性质 的影响。土壤水溶性有机碳（ＤＯＣ）淋失总量ＳＣＣ３为５４０．７ｍｇ,ＳＣＣ５为１５２２．９ｍｇ;ＳＢＣ３为 ３８３．２ｍｇ,ＳＢＣ５为５６３．５ｍｇ。同时,土壤环境中Ｃａ^２＋的释放总量ＳＣＣ３为１４５．７ｍｇ,ＳＣＣ５为 ２８８．７ｍｇ; ＳＢＣ３为１７０．０ｍｇ,ＳＢＣ５为１６７．９ｍｇ。两者呈正相关,相关系数ｒ^２＝０．８５。下伏碳酸 盐岩的溶蚀量排序为ＳＣＣ５＞ＳＢＣ３＞ＳＣＣ３＞ＳＢＣ５,表明两种不同植物凋落物经微生物分 解,产生不同质和量的ＤＯＣ,并导致土壤环境中 Ｃａ^２＋释放的差异和不同的岩溶效应。从而初步揭示不同有机碳分解导致ＤＯＣ淋失的差异性,以及ＤＯＣ对岩溶动力系统的驱动。这与Ａ．Ｈｅｙｅｓ和Ｔ．Ｒ．Ｍｏｏｒｅ的研究结果一致。     

树木年轮研究的扫描图像分析方法及其在环境演变中的应用

本文主要探讨用普通扫描仪作为获取树轮信息手段的有效途径,以及研究将图像分析和数字处理技术应用于树木年轮学的方法。通过对树轮图像的分布特征和噪声变化规律的统计分析,本文设计出一套图像分割、信息提取算法和相应的处理程序。从实际的应用效果以及与其它树轮研究方法所作的对比分析结果表明,这种扫描图像处理方法不仅可行,而且高效、准确,拓宽了树木年轮学方法在环境演变研究中的应用途径。     

三江中北段弧—盆格架与地质构造演化

弧—盆体系中岛弧与弧后盆地相间并存是一大特色。本文以昌都地区三叠纪弧—盆格局为例 ,阐明了岛弧、弧后盆地与夹于其间的微陆块等地质特征 ;划分出 2个构造演化阶段 ,一是早中三叠世江达—阿中岛弧与弧后盆地的发育 ,二是晚三叠世滞后型岛弧与生达残留弧后盆地的形成 ,并揭示了其演化的动力学。     

东濮凹陷下第三系沙河街组盐类沉积模式新见

文中认为在东濮凹陷中自沙河街组四段沉积中晚期开始,海水随着海面升降,间歇性地进入由北东向的兰聊断裂和长垣断裂构成的古河谷。高位期,海水以相对暂时性抬高的形式,淹没本区,致使凹陷南部成为向东南或南开口的河口湾,构成盐湖沉积的先期沉积环境,到低位期,海水退出凹陷区,部分海水因 受东西向同沉积走滑断裂（高平集-习城集一线）高地的阻隔而潴留,局限在高平集-习城集断层至文明寨-范县断层的同沉积构造凹陷,潴留海水蒸发、浓缩,形成盐类。在较深的凹地,受陆源淡水的影响较小,卤水浓度相对较高,那里依次沉积了具有深水沉积特点的碳酸盐岩、石膏、石盐等;而在水体较浅的凹地,（如砂砰、泥坪环境）,那里易受季节性洪水影响,卤水淡化,沉积了具有明显浅水特征的灰质泥岩、泥膏岩等。     

可控阵的图论特征

文中提出了模糊矩阵有向图的强链的概念 ,并利用它对可控阵的图进行了研究 ,揭示可控阵的有向图中无强圈的特征 ;着重讨论可控阵的可控度 ,给出可控度的强链刻画。在此基础上 ,通过可控度的性质及其与可控阵、可控阵的标准型的关系研究 ,得出可控度为图中最长强链的长度加 1和可控阵的周期≤ 2的结果。     

Effect of digital elevation model spatial resolution on depression storage

Surface water storage—including wetlands and other small waterbodies—has largely been disregarded in traditional hydrological models. In this paper, the grid resampling method is adopted to study the influence of the digital elevation model (DEM) grid resolution on depression storage (DS) considering different rainfall return periods. It is observed that the DEM grid size highly affects DS, and the higher the grid resolution is, the larger the DS value. However, when the grid resolution reaches a certain value, the maximum DS value decreases. This suggests that a critical grid resolution value exists at which the water storage capacity of depressions is maximized, namely, 20 m in this work (except for the overall area simulation under infiltration). This phenomenon is further verified in two test cases with and without the infiltration process, that is, calculations of the local area and without infiltration area, respectively. This research may facilitate the accurate computation of the DS process, which is greatly affected by the grid resolution, thereby improving the reliability of hydrological models.     

The effect of estimating areal rainfall using self‐similarity topography method on the simulation accuracy of runoff prediction

Rainfall input for hydrologic modelling is assumed uniformly distributed over the entire catchment. This can lead to significant errors. Investigations of areal rainfall in mountain areas are typically limited by a lack of adequate meteorological and hydrogeological records. This study focuses on areal rainfall in mountain areas within the Kaidu River Basin, China, with the aim of analyzing the influence of areal rainfall on the simulation accuracy of runoff prediction. We conducted a simulation using MIKE 11/NAM rainfall‐runoff model over 92 days of the rain season and compared the simulation error in different methods. On the basis of properties of self‐similarity degree (SSD) in analyzing the detailed characteristics of terrain, areal rainfall was calculated to model the runoff. The results of the model simulations are generally consistent with observed data, indicating that the self‐similarity topography method is able to reflect the spatial change of rainfall. This indicates that the proposed methodology is applicable for the management of water resources in mountain area. The modelling and self‐similarity topography method study allowed quantification of the spatial rainfall and provided an insight into their implications in hydrological forecasting. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.