A new multidimensional scaling technique based upon associations of triple objects—Pijk and its application to the analysis of geochemical data

A new multidimensional scaling (MS) technique, referred to as the Pijk model, is formulated on the basis of associations among triple objects (samples or variables), instead of pairs of objects as used in the usual MS methods, such as factor analysis. The computational scheme provided for this method is the reduction of an original problem to a standard eigenvalue-eigenvector problem. The major goal of the technique is simplification and reduction of data structures and the rescaling of original objects into a new and reduced space, so that patterns and relations of the original objects can be conventiently examined in two-dimensional “factor” plots. The Pïjk method is illustrated and tested by using a set of geochemical data related to the epithermal gold and silver vein deposits in the Walker Lake quadrangle of Nevada and California. The characteristics of element associations suggested in the Pijk analysis are consistent with field observations. A preliminary comparison between the new method and the ordinary factor analysis also is made on the basis of the same data set. Results are encouraging in that analysis by the Pijk model captures triple-object associations that might be missed by the ordinary factor analysis which considers only pair-variable correlations     

三种大地电磁测量系统的对比研究

1.前言兰州地震研究所是国内最早开展大地电磁测深试验和研究工作的单位之一。在二十多年的观测研究中,使用的大地电磁测量系统经历了三个阶段:初期为兰州地震研究所研制的静磁原理、光电倍增管电路、模拟记录的大地电磁记录系统;中期为国家地震局北京地质所、兰州地震研究所等单位联合研制的感应原理磁力仪、模拟记录的LH—1型大地电磁记录系统;近期为德国进口的感应原理磁力仪的全自动数字化记录的MMS02E大地电     

延边闹枝破碎蚀变岩型金矿床研究

延边地区闹枝金矿为一破碎蚀变岩型金矿床,产于中生代火山盆地外缘的早海西期花岗闪长岩出露区,矿体严格受构造破碎带控制。本文从矿床产出的地质地球化学特征入手对区内岩浆岩与成矿的关系进行了系统研究,揭示出闹枝金矿与中生代火山杂岩有密切的成因联系.闹枝金矿为—燕山期钙碱性火山岩浆活动所形成的火山—次火山热液矿床.矿床形成于中温、pH值为弱酸—弱碱性、Eh值较低的弱还原—还原条件.成矿作用具有多阶段性。金主要以氯金络合物和硫金络合物形式迁移.     

因子克立格分析的理论综述及应用展望

   因子克立格分析是研究多元地质统计学的基拙，是由因子克立格法和协区域化分析两部分组成，方法上包括了区域化变量(集)的分解和分解后每一空间分童的估值;本文阐述了因子克立格分析从产生到应用的理论发展、研究成果及应用展望。     

论1530年涠洲岛东南海域地震及其强度

本文论述了1530年10月对广西合浦与广东海康产生震感的地震是一次海上地震,通过特定作图法得到其震中位于涠洲岛东南13km的海中(21°00′N,109°15′E),推测其震中烈度为Ⅶ度强,震级为5 3/4级。根据历史资料的记述,1530年10月地震是在同一地区相隔数小时内连续发生的两次震级相近似的地震。此外,本文对涠洲岛周围海域区之地质构造作了论述,指出这里发生中强及强震的地质构造条件是充分的,今后对该区的地震危险性应给予重视。     

贺兰山东麓冲沟裂点溯源迁移速率及其形成年龄的讨论

本文通过对洪积扇断层崖上升盘冲沟裂点位置的实测和研究,讨论了贺兰山东麓地区影响裂点溯源迁移速率的主要因素,建立了这一地区裂点位置与形成年龄关系的公式。据此确定贺兰山东麓断层全新世以来至少发生过三次类似1739年平罗大地震的古地震事件,强震的重复间隔时间大约在2500年至3500年     

人工重矿物组份的研究法在岩相古地理研究中的应用——以厂坝王家山组浅变质岩系为例

人工重矿物组份的研究,在变质岩地区是一种经常使用的工作方法。因为它对变质岩地区的地层划分与对比、确定母岩区等是十分有效的。此外,在变质岩地区进行沉积相和再造古地理的研究中,它也有不可忽视的作用。这是由于变质岩区的许多原始沉积构造标志大多遭受改造和破坏。有些标志虽尚能辩认,但毕竟有其一定的局限性。而人工重矿物的研究,可以对沉积相观察和分析的结果进行检验和补充。西秦岭大陆边缘沉积学专题组,在对厂坝矿区王家山组的一套浅变质岩系沉积相观察中,利用了人工重砂组份的研究,三年来已取得了不少的成果。一、王家山组沉积和区域古地理的变化特征厂坝矿区,系由一套浅变质岩系组成的含矿地层。根据浅变质岩系的岩性、沉积学及地球化学组合特征,自下而上可划分为三个组。下部为王家山组陆源碎屑岩,中、上部为结晶灰     

Human disturbance and trophic status changes in Crystal Lake, McHenry County, Illinois, USA

The paleolimnology (sediment chemistry, ²¹⁰Pb dating, pollen, and diatoms) of Crystal Lake, McHenry County, Illinois, USA was studied to investigate the impact of European settlement on lake trophic status. Pollen clearly indicates a vegetational shift from Quercus dominance to Ambrosia. ²¹⁰Pb dating suggests that the Ambrosia rise likely occurs around the 1840's, which is consistent with historical records on the European settlement in this area. Coincident with the vegetational shifts, several diatom species, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Fragilaria crotenensis, Asterionella formosa and Tabellaria fenestrata, all increase while C. comta decreases after the settlement. However, C. comta and Aulacoseira ambigua, two dominant species, remain abundant throughout the entire core. Their relative abundances at the surface sediments reach presettlement levels. It is hypothesized that Crystal Lake, a glacial lake rich in CaCO₃, may have been able to assimilate increases of phosphorus by coprecipitating phosphorus with CaCO₃. Such a 'buffering mechanism may be responsible for the lake's resistance to trophic changes or recovery following disturbance.     

Revisit of event-based rainfall characteristics at Shapotou area in northern China

Distribution of rainfall event sizes and interval lengths between events are important characteristics of arid and semi-arid climates. Understanding their importance will contribute to our ability to understand ecosystem dynamics in these regions. Rainfall event timing and magnitude are important drivers of ecosystem processes and are instrumental in creating landscape heterogeneity in arid and semi-arid regions. Rainfall event characteristics were analyzed using an automatic tipping-bucket rain-gauge record across the entire summer monsoon season from 2008 to 2015 at the arid desert area of Shapotou in the Tengger Desert, China. Changing the minimum inter-event time (MIT) from 30 min to 24 h alters the number of rainfall events from 64 to 25 for the event depth larger than 0.1 mm. The mean rainfall intensity declined from 0.95 mm/h to 0.53 mm/h, and the geometric mean event duration rose from 0.55 h to 4.4 h. The number of rainfall events, mean rainfall intensity, and geometric mean event duration differed under different criteria of individual rainfall depths, except that for an individual rainfall depth of 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mm. The aforementioned features differed only at the lowest range of the mean rainfall intensity and depth for MIT=3 and 6 h. These findings suggest that identification of event-based rainfall in this specific arid region can be better achieved by setting the MIT at six hours. The wide variation in rainfall event properties indicate the need for paying more attention to the proper selection and reporting of event criteria in studies that adopt event-based data analysis. This is especially true in quantifying effective rainfall for soil water replenishment in terms of rainfall depth and intensity with infrequent rainfall events.     

西藏甲玛斑岩矿床系统地质、蚀变、矿化的三维地质模型

甲玛矿床位于西藏冈底斯成矿带东段,是公益性与商业性勘查结合取得的重要成果。目前已累计探明和控制铜资源量超过700万吨,共伴生钼、铅锌、金、银资源量均达到大型以上规模。本文在充分收集、整理甲玛矿床最新勘查资料、研究成果的基础上,运用MICROMINE软件三维建模及可视化技术,遵循点→线→面→体的构建原则,进行人机交互分析,构建了甲玛矿床地质、蚀变、矿体三维实体模型,并根据不同矿体品位分布变化的实际情况,对矿体模块模型进行克里格法或距离反比加权法品位插值,构建各种元素的矿化模型。并综合国内外对斑岩、矽卡岩矿床的研究新趋向对模型进行了地质解译,认为甲玛斑岩矿床是由斑岩钼铜矿体、矽卡岩铜多金属矿体、角岩铜钼矿体以及破碎带中独立金矿体构成的"四位一体"典型斑岩成矿系统产物,其中矽卡岩主要有接触带近端矽卡岩、层间构造中的远端矽卡岩以及受控于推滑覆构造产出的矽卡岩三种产出型式,由岩浆热液沿层间构造和推滑覆构造扩散交代大理岩和角岩形成;研究认为甲玛斑岩矿床具有典型的斑岩矿床蚀变系统,但蚀变分带有所差异,钾化带与青磐岩化带是在相对碱性条件下形成,而绢英岩化带与泥化带趋向于在相对酸性条件下形成。此外,大规模的角岩、矽卡岩对寻找深部斑岩矿体具有指示意义,甲玛斑岩矿体、角岩矿体仍具巨大的找矿潜力。因此,本研究构建的甲玛三维模型直观地展示了矿区地层、岩体、构造分布情况、赋矿层位、矿化品位分布规律以及蚀变分带特征,为甲玛矿床的成因、成矿规律总结、找矿勘查、矿山生成开发等综合研究提供重要的科学依据。