Mesoscale Analysis of a Heavy Rainfall Event Along the Huaihe River Valley During 8-9 July 2007

During 8-9 July 2007,several successively developed rainstorms along the Meiyu front produced heavy rainfall in the Huaihe River Valley,which led to the most catastrophic flooding in this region since 1954.Through mesoscale analysis of both conventional and intensive observations from upper air and surface stations,automatic weather stations,Doppler radars,and the FY-2C satellite,the current study examines the developing style and environmental conditions of the mesoscale convective systems(MCSs)that led to the development of the rainstorms.Our analysis showed that this event went through three phases.The first phase of the heavy rainfall(Phase Ⅰ)was caused by a meso-α-scale wind shear in the lower troposphere during 0200-1700 BT(Beijing Time)8 July.Phase Ⅱ was characterized by a reduction in rain rate and the formation of a low-level vortex between 1700 BT 8 and 0200 BT 9 July.In Phase Ⅲ,the well-organized mature meso-α-scale low-level vortex brought about intensified rains during 0200-0800 BT 9 July.Satellite and raclar observations showed a backward development of MCSs(new convective cells were generated at the back of the system)in PhaseⅡ,a forward development in Phase Ⅲ,and a spiral organization of the convective lines in Phase Ⅱ.The heavy rainstorm systems were initiated continuously along a surface mesoscale dew-point front with a horizontal scale of～300 km(as part of the Meiyu front)in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River Valley near Fuyang City,Anhui Province and then gradually decayed in the middle and lower reaches.It is hypothesized that lifting by strong low-level convergence is sufficient to trigger convection in the high CAPE(convective available potential energy)environment.     

Rossby波的下游效应引发我国高影响天气的分析

对近几年和历史上著名的深槽型暴雨及台风暴雨的分析表明,欧亚高空急流中Rossby波能量频散而产生的下游发展效应,对东亚高空槽的形成与发展、登陆台风的路径与长生命史有重要的影响。如果沿急流传播的Rossby波能量使110°E附近形成深厚的低压系统或使原有西风槽发展加深,天气尺度强迫产生强上升运动则非常有利于中国东部出现暴雨过程。而当欧亚中高纬Rossby波活动的下游效应导致在40°N附近东亚地区对流层中、高层形成闭合高压,同时有西太平洋台风或热带风暴登陆中国,受大尺度环流场引导气流的影响,台风往往取西行或西北行路径。如果同时来自海上的季风涌强烈,将延长台风环流系统的生命史,产生大范围致洪暴雨。目前业务上使用的全球数值预报模式对Rossby波列的下游发展效应有一定的中期预报能力,建议在日常业务预报中关注亚洲高空急流中Rossby波能量传播过程中大形势的突变与调整。Hovmller图分析方法,是分析Rossby波列下游发展效应的一个简单、直观和有效的工具,可应用于日常业务预报分析中。     

CINRAD/SB雷达回波强度定标调校方法

回波强度定标和调校方法是保障CINRAD/SB回波强度测量精度的关键技术,方法不当会导致回波强度测量误差增大,直接影响雷达定量估测降水产品的可靠性。为了满足回波强度测量误差在±1 dBZ范围内的技术要求,根据雷达气象方程,通过对CINRAD/SB接收机测试通道、主通道、天馈系统相关影响回波强度测量误差的因素进行分析,提出了从接收机动态范围和雷达参数调整、线性通道增益定标目标常数定标,到测试通道参数调整的回波强度定标工作流程。总结出以线性通道增益定标目标常数定标为基准,采用测试通道参数测量法或基准法调校,以保证发射功率和接收机动态范围变化导致的回波强度测量误差得到在线实时校正,提高了CINRAD/SB回波强度测量精度。从接收机测试通道、主通道、天馈系统及发射功率4个方面,给出了回波异常的分析和诊断流程。并提出在接收机保护器前端增加机外信号注入口和定标信号功率检测功能,以利于机内外回波强度定标对比校准和消除测试通道参数变化导致回波强度测量误差的建议。     

２００６年 ７—９月的台风季节预报试验

运用NCEP/NCAR逐6 h分辨率为25°×25°GRIB资料,用WRF模式采用水平分辨率为27 km×27 km,垂直38层每6 h输出一次的时空分辨率,对2006年7—9月对西太平洋地区台风为主的天气系统进行季节预报试验。综合低层涡度、地面10 m处风速、海平面气压、暖心结构和持续时间对模式输出资料进行台风生成判定和路径追踪。7月1日—9月30日模拟吻合较好的台风、强热带风暴、热带风暴和热带低压的比例为4/9、1/3、0/1和0/1;模拟较差的比例分别为3/9、1/3、1/1和1/1;漏报率分别为2/9、1/3、0/1和0/1。模拟空报了2个台风、9个强热带风暴和3个热带风暴。模拟台风强度偏弱和吻合较差的原因可能与模式的分辨率、〖JP2〗微物理过程参数设置和积分步长有关。空报的台风、强热带风暴可能与模式自身特点、相关海区的特性和热带波动有关。     

多普勒雷达资料在中尺度模式短时预报中的应用

将国内新一代多普勒雷达基数据Lev-Ⅱ的9个仰角的原始反射率和径向风资料应用于中尺度模式ARPS(the Advanced Regional Prediction System),通过对2007年7月18日济南短时特大暴雨过程的个例研究,分析了雷达资料对初始场的改进效果及其对模拟结果的影响。结果表明,同时利用雷达反射率和径向风资料改进过的初始场能明显改善中尺度数值模式短时定量降水预报。对比风场发现,雷达径向风调整后在初始场中出现明显的中小尺度特征,能减少模式的spin-up时间。随着积分的进行,对水汽场的调节也有一定作用,但相对于风场调节不够显著。雷达反射率主要是改进初始场中的湿度参数,增加初始场中云水等含量。积分开始后,对风场调整也很显著。此次模拟,控制试验较好地预报出雷达回波的分布和水汽中心,对应的降水落区与实况也较为接近,但对雷达回波中心强度的预报略大,相应地降水量的预报也偏大。     

气溶胶对北京中尺度对流系统影响的数值试验

利用可分辨云模式(WRF),模拟研究了不同气溶胶浓度对北京地区2001年8月23日一次产生强降水和冰雹的对流天气的影响。结果表明,气溶胶浓度的增加不利于对流云的发展,导致地面降水减小,但是对降水结构没有明显影响。气溶胶浓度增加导致云中水成物数浓度和质量浓度均发生变化,其中云水、冰晶和雪含量增加,而雨水、霰和雹含量减小。从云微物理学分析发现,气溶胶浓度减小有利于高层云的形成,云滴有效半径随着气溶胶浓度增加而减小。     

一次全省性强雷暴天气的地闪特征

2009年6月26日浙江出现全省范围的雷暴天气,此次过程中出现的地闪频数是自2006年闪电定位系统建立以来出现最多的一次。利用闪电定位实测资料、加密雨量站雨量实况以及多普勒天气雷达产品,对这一过程的地闪特征进行了分析。结果表明:此次地闪以负地闪为主,负地闪广泛分布于25～55dBz雷电回波区域内,而正闪多出现在25～35dBz回波中;地闪多出现在回波发展和前进的一侧,且密集分布在回波的梯度最大处,强回波中心处地闪较少出现;在回波开始减弱到中心强度为35dBz左右的区域没有地闪发生。地闪频数与全省过程累积降水量有很好的相关性,地闪的出现及其频数的增加意味着影响某地的强对流风暴正在发展或正向本地移来,对于单站来说雨强峰值滞后于地闪频数峰值半个小时以上,对于全省累积降水量则提前1～2h。因此地闪资料可以作为强对流天气的短时强降水预报的预警依据。     

The Data Depth-weight-kernel Estimation of the Model Error of Satellite Orbit Determination

It is an objective fact that there exists error in the satellite dynamic model and it will be transferred to satellite orbit determination algorithm, forming a part of the connotative model error. Mixed with the systematic error and random error of the measurements, they form the unitive model error and badly restrict the precision of the orbit determination. We deduce in detail the equations of orbit improvement for a system with dynamic model error, construct the parametric model for the explicit part of the model and nonparametric model for the error that can not be explicitly described. We also construct the partially linear orbit determination model, estimate and fit the model error using a two-stage estimation and a kernel function estimation, and finally make the corresponding compensation in the orbit determination. Beginning from the data depth theory, a data depth weight kernel estimator for model error is proposed for the sake of promoting the steadiness of model error estimation. Simulation experiments of SBSS are performed. The results show clearly that the model error is one of the most important effects that will influence the precision of the orbit determination. The kernel function method can effectively estimate the model error, with the window width as a major restrict parameter. A data depth-weight-kernel estimation, however, can improve largely the robustness of the kernel function and therefore improve the precision of orbit determination.     

The Influence of a New Model of Progenitor Star on Supernova Explosion

By adopting the progenitor model proposed by Woosley in 2002 and using the program WZYW89, the process of explosion of type II supernovae with masses of 11−40M_⊙ is numerically simulated. The results of computation reveal that this new model can in different degrees affect the collapse and explosion of type II supernovae as well as the propagation of shock waves. Besides, the definitions of the primary energy of shock waves are also discussed.