无人船声学探测设备集成设计优化方法研究

常规海底探测任务多使用声学探测设备,按照预设测线航行作业,载体航行扰动和自噪声往往直接影响数据质量和作业效率。通过水动力仿真模拟和实船测试等技术手段研究无人船集成声学探测设备的方法,提出设计优化方案来指导无人船的设计与制造,最终实现实船所测数据满足95%置信区间小于0.25,达到IHO44特优级标准,充分证明提出的关于无人船声学探测设备集成设计方法的研究是可行的,具有推广和深入研究的意义。     

用于水下潜器的惯性导航系统安装和初始对准技术

水下潜器通常采用捷联惯性导航和多普勒计程仪组合导航系统。为提高惯性导航系统的导航精度,保障水下潜器顺利作业,文章以高性能惯导系统PHINS为例,介绍其安装和初始对准技术。PHINS在安装时须计算其与船体的偏差以及与船体和外部传感器的力臂,尤其与多普勒计程仪组合时应执行传感器自动对准程序;PHINS的初始对准是其精确导航的前提,可在海上或静态时进行;惯导系统的安装误差和初始对准精度对于其导航精度具有决定性的影响。     

日本蟳精子结构及环境因子对精子存活率的影响

以光镜和电镜观察了日本蟳精子的形态结构,对雄体贮精囊和雌体纳精囊中的精子结构进行了比较,并研究了pH,盐度对日本蟳精子存活率的影响规律,结果表明:日本蟳精子为非鞭毛型,主要由顶体、核杯、膜复合体和辐射臂等组成,其中顶体呈球形或近球形,可分成头帽、顶体管和顶体囊三部分。核杯包裹整个顶体外围,染色质呈细丝状或颗粒状。辐射臂向精子四周发出,内含核质,没有运动能力。雄体贮精囊中的精子包裹在椭球形精荚中,而雌体纳精囊中的精子呈弥散状,精子顶体管中有囊泡状结构、中心体位置前移、胞质透明区扩大,而且有些精子已崩解。精巢表面pH为6.5±0.2,精液pH为7.0±0.2,精子密度平均为(3.47×109±0.42×109)个/cm3。精子的适宜pH为7～9,最适pH为8;适宜盐度为20～30,最适盐度为25。     

Combining Monte Carlo and Ensemble Probabilities in Tropical Cyclone Forecasts near Landfall

The Monte Carlo probability(MCP) model, which has been used for official tropical cyclone(TC) warnings to the public by the United States' National Hurricane Center(NHC), can estimate the probability of wind speed in the vicinity of a TC during the forecast period. It has been successful in the operational environment for many years.However, due to its strong dependence on a given forecast track(e.g., forecast from the NCEP Global Forecast System), the MCP model may generate a poor probability map for TCs near landfall. In this study, we proposed and tested a modified MCP method for TC forecasts near landfall. We first adjusted the MCP model by adding limits to the direction angle and motion distance to deal with the substantial change in TC moving direction and the low wind speeds during landfall. Then, we combined ensemble probability maps generated from ECMWF, United Kingdom Met Office(UKMO), and NCEP ensemble forecasts, obtained from The International Grand Global Ensemble(TIGGE), into the MCP model to configure a modified MCP model. Wind speed probability maps for the 0–120-h forecast from both the original and modified MCP models are compared. It is found that the modified MCP model can provide a better wind speed probability map during landfall, especially at wind speeds of 20–64 kt near TC landfall. The results from this study prove the benefits of combining the MCP model with ensemble forecasting in potential applications for improved TC forecasts.     

中国太湖五里湖内不同凤眼莲密度圈闭内的沉降率

The dynamic model of physical-biological engineering for purifying water quality in Lake Taihu needs the parameter of sedimentation rate (SR). Especially, it is seldom reported how SR is influenced by interactions between algae and aquatic plant. So 6 enclosures with each area of 5×5 m² were constructed in Wulihu with 2 m depth, a small hypereutrophic bay of Taihu Lake, China. Enclosures, in which the original water quality was the same as that in surrounding lake, were input Eichhomia crassipes at various original densities from 0-6 kg·m^-2 on August 9, 1996. SR had been measured separately at depths of 0.6, 1.2f 1.8 m in each enclosure during 20 days. Main results were as follows:1) SR average in enclosures (17.3g·m^-2 d^-1) was as much as about 1/14 that in the surrounding lake; 2) The deeper was it, the higher rate was it in each enclosure, generally; 3) SR cures versus original densities of Eichhomia crassipes (ODE) in enclosures had the ship of "V" at different depths; SR minimuma were observed in the enclosure with original meso-density of Eichhomia crassipes (EMESO, 4kg·m^-2), the average of SR minimuma was about 8.55 g ·m^-2 d^-1) SR in enclosures with original hypo-density (EHYPO, 0-3kg·m^-2) were mainly negative related with water temperature and light intensity;while those with original hyperdensity (EHYPR, 5-6kg·m^-2) were mainly negative related with transparency (SD) instead.These SR-distribution characteristics may be explained by interactions between dead algae and relics of Eichhomia crassipes.     

中国太湖梅梁湾湖流及散度场：水—气耦合模式

Research is conducted on the distribution features of flow and divergence fields under the stress of ununiform and unsteady wind at Meiliang Bay on Lake Taihu by using a 3D atmospheric boundary layer model and a 2D hydrodynamic model for the area of the lake. Some meaningful results were achieved.     

VCS柱状采样及其在中国太湖富营养化评价中的应用

The lake sediments, especially in recent years, genuinely record human being''s activities upon the lake environment. The top 30cm sections are of significance in the process of advanced cultural eutrophication and water quality deterioration. Based on the data of 4 core sam-ples obtained in June 19-22, 1997, with VCS in northern, western and southern Taihu Lake, some preliminary results are reported. Further analyses on the physico-chemical items as well as element content may reveal more information of the accelerating cultural eutrophication.     

低氧化还原电位对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的抑制及恢复的影响

在实验室光照黑暗交替培养下,用半胱氨酸下调黑暗起始时的氧化还原电位(ORP),研究低电位对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB 469)生长的影响,并探索低电位胁迫消除后铜绿微囊藻生长的恢复潜力.结果表明,在-50～-100 mV范围内水体ORP越低,其对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用越强.低ORP可抑制铜绿微囊藻对磷的吸收,且这种抑制程度与电位变化无关.-50～-75 mV的电位对铜绿微囊藻SOD酶活性有促进作用,而-90～-100 mV电位明显抑制SOD酶活.当低ORP胁迫消除后,铜绿微囊藻能够恢复至最初的生长状态,同时伴随含磷量的提高和SOD酶活的恢复,-50～-75 mV电位胁迫对藻消除胁迫后的生长更有促进作用.因此,低ORP对铜绿微囊藻的生长会产生不利影响,但是该影响是可逆的.     

健康水生态系统的退化及其修复——理论、技术及应用

由于人口增加和工农业生产的发展,人类赖以生存的淡水生态系统日益退化,特别是富营养化问题,已严重威胁社会经济的持续发展和人类健康,如何在强污染负荷下修复水生态系统具有重大理论和现实意义,本文总结了自1990年以来在淡水湖泊中进行的物理生态工程（Physico-Ecological Enginnering ,PEEN)实验研究实践,主要结论O 为：（1）地表水环境治理的主要目标是修复为稳定健康的水生态系统;（2）主要方法是与污染源治理相结合实践物理生态工程IPEEN）和生物环保产业（Bio-Environmental Enterprise,BEE);(3)实现目标的主要途径是星火燎原,从局部到大范围乃至全流程;（4）实现目标的主要关键是抓住四个环节（4M）;高等水生植物（Macrophyte),宏观颔生学（Macro-bioimitation), 微生物（Microorganism),及管理（Management).(5)山清水秀,人杰地灵,社会经济生态协调发展的美好未来有可能在不远的将来实现。     

湖泊藻型富营养化控制——技术、理论及应用

湖泊富营养化防治走过了从控制营养盐、直接除藻、到生物调控、生态工程及生态恢复等艰难历程,各国为此投入了巨额资金、然而收效甚微,富营养化依然是全球性重大水环境问题。回顾和分析富营养化湖泊治理研究与实践的成功经验与失败教训,无疑将有助于采取更切实可行的技术有效控制湖泊富营养化。综观全球营养养化治理研究成果,不难看出,富营养化是一个典型的生态问题,生态问题只有用生态学方法解决。在全湖性富营养化难以快速根治的情况下,如何集中技术优势和有限财力,优先解决对人类生活影响较大的局部水域富营养化问题,逐步修复受损的湖泊生态系统,提高水体自净能力、改善水体环境质量并建立湖泊健康生态系统。