江苏一次大范围的爆发性强浓雾过程研究

利用江苏省70个自动观测站和365个交通气象观测站资料,对2016年2月11日夜间至12日上午出现在江苏的一次大范围强浓雾天气过程进行分析。结果表明:这次强浓雾过程具有爆发性形成和加强的特征,大部分站点从1000m以上快速下降形成强浓雾,且部分站点存在多次爆发增强现象;夜间天空打开,长波辐射降温作用加强,是大范围强浓雾形成和爆发性发展的一个重要原因;同时,雾前降雨为本次强浓雾的形成创造了基础条件,也是日出后部分站点由于水汽蒸发增强而导致雾爆发性增强的直接原因;另外,雾前和雾期间近地层强逆温的存在为雾的爆发性发展提供了稳定的大气层结条件,而逆温顶附近低空急流的形成,也一定程度上促进了逆温的维持和加强,利于雾的爆发性发展。     

上海第四纪土层邓肯—张模型的参数研究

本文根据大量土样的三轴排水试验得到上海各主要土层的邓肯—张模型参数,讨论了模型参数的取值特点和变化规律。试验结果表明,粘土的k值明显小于砂土,但粘土的kur/k要大于砂土,粘土的kur/k在4~10之间,砂土的kur/k在2~7之间;k与φ具有明显的相关关系,k随φ近似按指数曲线变化;破坏比Rf的取值多在0.70~0.85之间;nur/n与n没有明显的关系,n值大多在0.5~1.0之间。     

重塑土室内制样技术对比研究

通过对兰州黄土和北麓河粘土以不同制样方法进行重塑土样的制备, 对比了不同制样技术所得土样各层的干密度及含水量分布情况, 确定了制作均匀样品的较为适宜的制样方法. 结果表明: 两头压实法所制得的样品其干密度和含水量的分布较为均匀, 分布较有规律, 能得到初始损伤较小的试样, 比分层击实法及泥浆法更容易控制试样的均匀性. 对两头压实法而言, 压制时间不同, 对于试样整体的均匀性也有影响. 对于粘粒含量较高的土, 用两头压实法较短时间即可获得较均匀的试样.     

西北地区农林牧业生产及农业结构调整对全球气候变暖响应的研究进展

受西北地区现代气候变化呈现冬暖夏干的影响, 甘肃黄土高原200 cm深土壤贮水量呈减少趋势, 适宜农作物生长时段减少2-3月. 黄土高原作物气候生产力呈下降趋势, 年递减率为10.45 kg·hm-2, 暖干型和冷干型气候对作物生长非常不利, 减产为4.3%～27.1%. 对畜牧业的影响利弊共存, 使牧区草场产草量和质量以及生产力下降;但牲畜死损率明显降低, 幼畜成活率明显增加;牲畜抓膘育肥利弊因素相当, 牲畜肉量呈波动式变化. 小陇山森林资源呈减少趋势, 90年代最为严重. 在全球变暖的气候变化下, 需要农林牧业结构发生重大调整, 提出了甘肃省以及祁连北坡、陇东、陇东南和陇南等4个具有代表性的重点地域的农林牧业种植结构调整发展战略与优化方案. 其研究结果为西北地区农林牧业安全生产、趋利避害、减轻不利影响提供科学的指导意见.     

Removal of Arsenic(V) from Aqueous Solutions by Lanthanum-loaded Zeolite

A new adsorption process for the removal of As（V） ion from aqueous solutions is studied in this paper using lanthanum-loaded zeolite. The removal efficiency of different adsorbents, activated alumina and activated carbon are obtained in the study for comparison. The results show that lanthanum-loaded zeolite is an effective adsorbent for the removal of As（V） from aqueous solutions. Then, the pH effect and regeneration of modified zeolite on the As（V） removing efficiency are also assessed. It functions with a wide range of pH （2-8）. After adsorption, zeolite adsorbed with As（V） ions can be regenerated successfully with 1 M NaOH. Based on the data obtained, an adsorption mechanism and the possible complex structure are tentatively presented. Compare to other adsorbents, easy availability of this adsorbent, excellent adsorption capacity, wide optimum pH range, and regeneration are expected to be utilized in practical operations.     

Thermodynamics and Microphysical Characteristics of an Extreme Rainfall Event Under the Influence of a Low-level Jet over the South China Coast

In this paper, the data of Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs), ERA5 reanalysis, sounding, wind profile radar, and dual-polarization radar are used to study an extreme rainfall event in the south China Coast on 11 to 12 May 2022 from the aspects of thermodynamics and microphysical characteristics under the influence of low-level jets (LLJs). Results show that: (1) The extreme rainfall event can be divided into two stages: the first stage (S1) from 0000 to 0600 LST on May 12 and the second stage (S2) from 0700 to 1700 LST on the same day. During S1, the rainfall is mainly caused by the upper-level shortwave trough and the boundary layer jet (BLJ), characterized by strong upward motion on the windward side of mountains. In S2, the combined influence of the BLJ and synoptic-system-related low-level jet (SLLJ) increases the vertical wind shear and vertical vorticity, strengthening the rainstorm. In combination with the effect of topography, a warm and humid southwest flow continuously transports water vapor to farther north, resulting in a significant increase in rainfall over the study area (on the terrain’s windward slope). From S1 to S2, the altitude of a divergence center in the upper air decreases obviously. (2) The rainfalls in the two stages are both associated with the mesoscale convergence line (MCL) on the surface, and the wind field from the mesoscale outflow boundary (MOB) in S1 is in the same direction as the environmental winds. Due to a small area of convergence that is left behind the MOB, convection moves eastward quickly and causes a short duration of heavy rainfall. In S2, the convergence along the MOB is enhanced, which strengthens the rainfall and leads to strong outflows, further enhancing the surface convergence near the MOB and forming a positive feedback mechanism. It results in a slow motion of convection and a long duration of heavy rainfall. (3) In terms of microphysics, the center of a strong echo in S1 is higher than in S2. The warm-rain process of the oceanic type characterizes both stages, but the convective intensity in S2 is significantly stronger than that in S1, featuring bigger drop sizes and lower concentrations. It is mainly due to the strengthening of LLJs, which makes small cloud droplets lift to melting levels, enhancing the ice phase process (riming process), producing large amounts of graupel particles and enhancing the melting and collision processes as they fall, resulting in the increase of liquid water content (LWC) and the formation of large raindrops near the surface.     

西藏阿里典型耕地土壤的主要特征及其质量评价

通过对西藏阿里地区耕地土壤的实地踏勘和采样分析，选取有机质、有效氮、有效磷、有效钾、土层厚度、pH值、物理粘粒含量、障碍层深度、地下水位、坡度等共10项土壤质量评价指标，应用基于评价指标隶属度的模糊集加权的土壤质量综合评价方法。结果表明了耕地土壤具有质地的沙质性，团聚体的低质性，富有机质的低矿化特性，以及碱性环境下的养分较丰富性等特征。灌淤土的质量较好，其次是耕作草甸土和耕作亚高山草原土，最次的是潮土。     

714CD雷达资料在短时灾害天气预报中的应用

作者总结了１９９４－１９９６年７１４ＣＤ雷达观测资料在河南省短时生大灾害性天气预报中的应用。着重分析了多普勒速率场上的中尺度天气系统，图像特征以及与短时暴雨，强对流天气的对应，并归纳出短时预报技术流程。     

东秦岭上宫金矿成矿流体与成矿物质来源新认识

上宫金矿床位于华北克拉通南缘的熊耳地体之中,是典型的构造蚀变岩型金矿.本文对上宫金矿的同位素地球化学资料进行了系统分析和综合研究,对其成矿物质和成矿流体的来源取得了一些新的认识.氢-氧-碳同位素体系研究表明,成矿流体并非来自燕山期岩浆热液,也不是来自于太华群或者官道口群和栾川群的变质脱水作用,而主要来自深部地幔或者由幔源岩浆派生,并在成矿的过程中逐渐向大气降水演化.硫-铅-锶同位素体系指示成矿物质为壳幔混合来源,地幔和太华群可能均提供了部分成矿物质.印支期华北与扬子板块发生碰撞对接时导致了强烈的壳幔相互作用,并驱动深部流体向上运移,上官金矿正是在这种构造背景下形成的.     

南岭夷平面风化壳发育时间问题探讨——以粤北大布镇剖面为例

南岭最高夷平面上发育了深厚的红色风化壳,研究这些风化壳对于认识夷平面具有重要意义。以粤北大布镇夷平面上的风化壳为例,通过化学成分的研究,认为大布镇的风化壳厚度为60～70 m,风化壳顶层的母岩当量厚度可达到24 m/m。据此,恢复得到已风化母岩(奥陶系砂岩)厚度达790 m,其中的淋失量为724 m,再根据珠江流域50 a平均溶蚀速率估算,该风化壳的年龄约为19.6 Ma,即中新世早期,大致可认为是南岭夷平面发育终结和新一轮地貌循环——"南岭运动"开始的时间。