Numerical simulation of the general circulation of the atmosphere of Titan

The atmospheric circulation of Titan is investigated with a general circulation model. The representation of the large-scale dynamics is based on a grid point model developed and used at Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique for climate studies. The code also includes an accurate representation of radiative heating and cooling by molecular gases and haze as well as a parametrization of the vertical turbulent mixing of momentum and potential temperature. Long-term simulations of the atmospheric circulation are presented. Starting from a state of rest, the model spontaneously produces a strong superrotation with prograde equatorial winds (i.e., in the same sense as the assumed rotation of the solid body) increasing from the surface to reach 100 m sec-1 near the 1-mbar pressure level. Those equatorial winds are in very good agreement with some indirect observations, especially those of the 1989 occultation of Star 28-Sgr by Titan. On the other hand, the model simulates latitudinal temperature contrasts in the stratosphere that are significantly weaker than those observed by Voyager 1 which, we suggest, may be partly due to the nonrepresentation of the spatial and temporal variations of the abundances of molecular species and haze. We present diagnostics of the simulated atmospheric circulation underlying the importance of the seasonal cycle and a tentative explanation for the creation and maintenance of the atmospheric superrotation based on a careful angular momentum budget.     

Metabolic plasticity of nitrogen assimilation by Porphyra umbilicalis (Linnaeus) Kützing

The physical stresses associated with emersion have long been considered major factors determining the vertical zonation of intertidal seaweeds.We examined Porphyra umbilicalis(Linnaeus) Kützing thalli from the vertical extremes in elevation of an intertidal population(i.e.upper and lower intertidal zones) to determine whether Porphyra thalli acclimate to different vertical elevations on the shore with different patterns of nitrate uptake and nitrate reductase(NR) and glutamine synthetase(GS) activities in response to different degrees of emersion stress.We found that the nitrate uptake and NR recovery in the emersed tissues took longer in lower intertidal sub-population than in upper intertidal sub-population;and GS activity was also significantly affected by emersion and,interestingly,such an activity was enhanced by emersion of thalli from both upper and lower intertidal zones.These results suggested that intra-population variability in post-emersion recovery of physiological functions such as nutrient uptake and NR activity enables local adaptation and contributes to the wide vertical distribution of P.umbilicalis.The high GS activity during periodic emersion stress may be a protective mechanism enabling P.umbilicalis to assimilate nitrogen quickly when it again becomes available,and may also be an evidence of photorespiration during emersion.     

计算机随机样品模拟

本文介绍了利用计算机产生给定误差分布的模拟随机样品的一种方法。     

核磁共振作为标准孔隙度工具在SanJorge盆地的测井响应与应用

回顾了自１９９５年６月在ＳａｎＪｏｒｇｅ盆地引进核磁共振测井以来的应用情况。至今,Ａｔｌａｓ公司采用Ｎｕｍａｒ珠磁共振成像测井仪,斯伦贝谢公司采用组合磁性共振测井仪共进行了４００次测井,共对２０００多个层位进行了射孔和生产测试。     

Effect of Matching Algorithm and Profile Shape on Pulsar Pulse Time of Arrival Uncertainties

For high-precision pulsar timing analysis and low-frequency gravitational wave detection, it is essential to accurately determine pulsar pulse times of arrival(ToAs) and associated uncertainties. To measure the ToAs and their uncertainties, various cross-correlation-based techniques can be employed. We develop methodologies to investigate the impact of the template-matching method, profile shape, signal-to-noise ratio of both template and observation on ToA uncertainties. These methodologies are...     

在休斯顿使用多传感器检查使管道破裂风险最小化

由于高成本和极具破坏性的特性,紧急管道修复成为被迫选择的措施。1992年,由于糟糕的土质和管道接头的泄露,造成休斯顿Almeda路40英尺长的一段路面发生了塌陷,需要紧急的管道修复。此后,休斯顿公共工程和事业部的工程师立即准备调查13英里的大直径废水管道设施。工程师非常关注NSRT（北部地区清洁改善隧道）段,这段管道带着废水从北部穿过市中心到达该市最大的废水处理厂。当时,大直径管道的调查只能选择人工检查的方式。     

三峡水库气候效应及2006年夏季川渝高温干旱事件的区域气候模拟

针对2006年夏季川(四川)渝(重庆)地区的高温干旱事件，使用RegCM3区域气候模式，采用双重嵌套和次网格(SUB-BATS)方法，进行中国和三峡地区2005—2006年气候50 km和10 km(通过SUB-BATS方法达到2 km)分辨率数值模拟，并在此基础上进行了三峡地区下垫面改变(三峡水库建成蓄水)的气候效应模拟试验，重点分析了模式对中国和三峡地区夏季气候和气候异常的模拟能力，以及三峡水库对气温和降水的影响。结果表明，模式能较好模拟出中国和川渝地区的气候及以2006年川渝地区高温干旱为代表的气候异常，双重嵌套和SUB-BATS方法的应用，使模式能够提供局地和区域气候更详细的信息。有无三峡水库的对比试验表明，水库对周边区域气温、降水的影响很小，大部分格点上的变化达不到90%统计信度检验标准，气温变化中少数通过检验的格点基本集中于水库水体本身，邻近区域内气温和降水的变化随距库区的距离变远而变得更弱。除了库区本身降温和降水减少外，模拟结果中出现的变化更多表现为模式中出现的噪音。2006年夏季的川渝高温干旱，更多是由于大的环流场造成的，与局地强迫的关系不大，三峡水库在其中所起的作用非常微弱，可以忽略不计。     

英国气象局新的业务预报系统

一、前言象天气预报这样一种显然并非精确的行业竟能首先使用计算机,确是令人难以置信。早在第一次世界大战期间,曾在英国气象局工作过若干年的英国著名数学家L.F.Richardson就提出了计算机用于天气预报的原理,并于1922年发表文章公诸于世。 Richardson的基本贡献在于他把天气预报作为经典物理学问题之一处理,指出了如何利用数值方法求解的方程。当时的常规天气预报方法是建立     

Simplified approach for design of raft foundations against fault rupture. Part Ⅱ： soil-structure interaction

This is the second paper of two, which describe the results of an integrated research effort to develop a four-step simplified approach for design of raft foundations against dip-slip （normal and thrust） fault rupture. The first two steps dealing with fault rupture propagation in the free-field were presented in the companion paper. This paper develops an approximate analytical method to analyze soil-foundation-structure interaction （SFSI）, involving two additional phenomena： （i） fault rupture diversion （Step 3）; and （ii） modification of the vertical displacement profile （Step 4）. For the first phenomenon （Step 3）, an approximate energy-based approach is developed to estimate the diversion of a fault rupture due to presence of a raft foundation. The normalized critical load for complete diversion is shown to be a function of soil strength, coefficient of earth pressure at rest, bedrock depth, and the horizontal position of the foundation relative to the outcropping fault rupture. For the second phenomenon （Step 4）, a heuristic approach is proposed, which ＂scans＂ through possible equilibrium positions to detect the one that best satisfies force and moment equilibrium. Thus, we account for the strong geometric nonlinearities that govern this interaction, such as uplifting and second order （P-△） effects. Comparisons with centrifuge-validated finite element analyses demonstrate the efficacy of the method. Its simplicity makes possible its utilization for preliminary design.