中国地震科学台阵流动观测现状及进展

地震科学台阵是由一定数量的地震仪组成,并根据具体研究目的布设成一定几何形状的地震观测系统。随着地震观测技术的发展与进步,探测能力的提高,大规模流动地震科学台阵观测将成为高分辨率深部结构成像的重要手段和发展方向。本文主要阐述了开展流动地震科学台阵观测的重要性,介绍了国内外流动地震科学台阵观测现状以及差距,并针对我国目前流动地震观测技术,提出了要加强我国流动地震科学台阵观测平台和人才队伍建设,提高深部结构探测成像的精度,增强对深部孕震环境和地震发生机理的认识水平,为社会防震减灾事业服务。     

氮肥及秸秆有益于提高设施番茄土壤芽孢杆菌及假单胞菌的种群数量

Root zone N management can reduce N fertilizer input and avoid nitrate pollution in greenhouse tomato production; however, little information is available on how reduced N affects soil microbes, especially dominant bacteria populations in long-term continuous greenhouse systems. This study investigated the effects of different combinations of N and straw on the population size of soil total bacteria and two dominant bacteria (Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp.), and microbial community structure in a 6-year greenhouse tomato trial. The treatments were basal fertilizer (10 t ha-1 chicken manure; control), conventional high N treatment [600 kg N ha-1], conventional high N treatment with wheat straw, reduced N treatment [300 kg N ha-1 less than conventional], and reduced N treatment with wheat straw. Six years of reduced mineral N fertilization did not lead to a decrease in fruit yield. Both mineral N fertilizer and straw increased the numbers of soil bacteria (Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp.) compared with the control, but the numbers were not affected by the amount of mineral N fertilizer (high vs reduced). Different denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis patterns were evidence that soil bacterial communities were changed by N treatments and straw application, but little difference in bacterial diversity was detected between high N and reduced N treatments. These results indicated that a reduction in N fertilizer input was possible in greenhouse tomato production and was beneficial in sustainable agriculture.     

湖南大根垄钨多金属矿地电提取法机理

笔者以湖南大根垄钨多金属矿为试验研究区,以20 m点距在已知矿体上方取土壤样,并按照24 h提取时间、1 000 mL HNO₃提取液、50 cm电极间距等工作条件进行了地电提取试验。结果表明,地电提取前后土壤中的元素含量变化不大,被提取到的金属元素应属土壤金属总量的一部分。次生晕与地电提取的异常形态对比发现:Co、Ni较清晰,W次之,Cr无异常;元素的异常特征主要取决于土壤中该元素的活性形式所占比例。综合分析认为地电提取异常与矿体的相对位置有关:矿体的下坡位置以及控矿断裂附近容易形成异常,距离原生矿体太近则会对异常有明显干扰。在本矿区,矿体风化程度越高对Co、Ni的地电提取异常越有利;其异常宽度一般比次生晕窄。     

Driving forces and their effects on water conservation services in forest ecosystems in China

Identifying the driving forces that cause changes in forest ecosystem services related to water conservation is essential for the design of interventions that could enhance positive impacts as well as minimizing negative impacts. In this study, we propose an assessment concept framework model for indirect-direct-ecosystem service (IN-DI-ESS) driving forces within this context and method for index construction that considers the selection of a robust and parsimonious variable set. Factor analysis was integrated into two-stage data envelopment analysis (TS-DEA) to determine the driving forces and their effects on water conservation services in forest ecosystems at the provincial scale in China. The results showed the following. 1) Ten indicators with factor scores more than 0.8 were selected as the minimum data set. Four indicators comprising population density, per capita gross domestic product, irrigation efficiency, and per capita food consumption were the indirect driving factors, and six indicators comprising precipitation, farmland into forestry or pasture, forest cover, habitat area, water footprint, and wood extraction were the direct driving forces. 2) Spearman’s rank correlation test was performed to compare the overall effectiveness in two periods: stage 1 and stage 2. The calculated coefficients were 0.245, 0.136, and 0.579, respectively, whereas the tabulated value was 0.562. This indicates that the driving forces obviously differed in terms of their contribution to the overall effectiveness and they caused changes in water conservation services in different stages. In terms of the variations in different driving force effects in the years 2000 and 2010, the overall, stage 1, and stage 2 variances were 0.020, 0.065, and 0.079 in 2000, respectively, and 0.018, 0.063, and 0.071 in 2010. This also indicates that heterogeneous driving force effects were obvious in the process during the same period. Identifying the driving forces that affect service changes and evaluating their efficiency have significant policy implications for the management of forest ecosystem services. Advanced effectiveness measures for weak regions could be improved in an appropriate manner. In this study, we showed that factor analysis coupled with TS-DEA based on the IN-DI-ESS framework can increase the parsimony of driving force indicators, as well as interpreting the interactions among indirect and direct driving forces with forest ecosystem water conservation services, and reducing the uncertainty related to the internal consistency during data selection.     

Characteristics of recursive and non-recursive adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system models for the forecast of typhoon inundation levels

The accurate forecasting of typhoon inundation levels is vital for damage mitigation actions during such an event. The objective of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system models for the forecasting of typhoon inundation levels. A novel approach of recursively using the model to achieve higher prediction lead times is proposed. The approach is advantageous in conducting water level forecasts for various prediction lead times using a single model, whereas common non-recursive models are only applicable for the designed prediction leads. In this study, a total of 6 models, with various configurations and types of recursions, are constructed based on the cross-correlations between rainfall and water level records. The performance of each model is evaluated and compared using three indices: coefficient of efficiency, relative time shift, and threshold statistics. The best recursive and non-recursive models are selected and compared with traditional approaches based on autoregressive models with exogenous input. The results show that although the recursive models display somewhat lesser but comparable forecasting capacities compared to the non-recursive models, the former models have achieved forecasts single handedly for all the prediction leads using single models only. On the other hand, although the non-recursive models exhibit better forecasting capacities, this is at the cost of using multiple models, with each designed for a specific prediction lead time. In comparison with other traditional approaches, both the recursive and non-recursive types of models demonstrate superior performance on all the aspects inspected.     

五大连池火山崩落堆积物研究

五大连池世界地质公园内的老黑山与火烧山火山外围分布有大量圆丘状火山碎屑堆积物,以往人们将其称为"副火山",即认为是独立的火山.本文认为这些堆积物来自这两座火山锥体的破坏.当锥体坡脚处有熔岩流溢出时,在重力作用下坡体发生裂解、崩塌,于是在坡体上形成沟谷,而垮落的坡体碎屑物则随着熔岩流的流动,堆积在火山锥体的外围,虽然有的堆积成较大的锥状体,但它们不是火山,而是火山崩落堆积物.     

浙江江郎山丹霞地貌发育的年代与成因

article revealed the uplift age of red-bed basin to be 77.89±2.6 MaBP (K2) I.e. Late Cretaceous, and it is the first chronological datum of Danxia landform research in China.     

贺兰山北段孔兹岩系脱水熔融实验Ⅱ--岩石结构对变质反应的制约

贺兰山北段孔兹岩系中最有代表性的两类岩石 :变粒岩及富铝片麻岩天然块状样品的脱水熔融实验研究表明 ,在不同的温度压力条件 ,两类岩石产生明显不同的变质反应 ,其中变粒岩类在所有的实验条件下均产生 Bt+Pl+Qz→ Hy+Kf+M(熔体 )的反应 ,而富铝片麻岩在不同压力下出现不同的变质反应 :0 .4 GPa条件下发生 :Bt+Pl+Qz→ Hy+Kf+M;0 .6 GPa条件下发生 :Bt+Qz→ Sil+Kf+M;0 .8GPa条件下发生 :Bt→ Cud+Kf+M。本文认为制约变质反应的主要因素是岩石的结构构造 ,因此在讨论高级变质作用时更要强调压力的重要性