香港的旅游资源及其开发

本文介绍了香港丰富多彩的自然旅游资源和人文旅游资源，分析了香港自５０年代以来旅游业开发的进程，预测香港回归祖国之后，旅游业必将进一步稳定发展。     

新疆内生矿产成矿规律

本文简要地介绍了新疆主要内生矿产的成矿基本特征及主要成因类型.并在此基础上结合区域地质构造特征、地质发展历史、成矿作用特征及地球化学场特征等基本因素,将新疆划分出15个综合性成矿(区)带,其中包括44个蕴矿带、14个矿田带,最后对新疆内生矿产的主要成矿规律进行了总结.讨论了新疆内生矿产的形成与板块构造发展演化历史的密切并系,指出了它们在时、空上的分布规律及分带性和主要控矿因素.     

关于《模式识别之重心法则及其在地图制图中运用一例》一文的一点注记

本文对重心法则给出了一个扩展,使该法则的运用由综合指标到了全部指标,并证明了 I_G~((1))=I_G~((2))。     

Optically stimulated luminescence dating of young glacial sediments from the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Poor bleaching is a significant problem for Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating of glacial sediments. Five young glacial samples (including two modern analogues) from different depositional settings were collected beyond the Yingpu Glacier in the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. De was determined using different OSL methods. The luminescence characteristics and dating results showed that the large aliquot quartz Blue Stimulated Luminescence (BSL) is more applicable than polymineral infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) method. Small aliquot quartz BSL results showed poor luminescence properties due to low luminescence sensitivity of quartz in this area. The dating results also indicated that glaciofluvial samples deposited close to ice margin (~40 m and ~700 m) and supraglacial debris dominated lateral moraine samples are relatively well-bleached, whereas samples from ground moraine and low terminal moraine were poorly bleached, probably due to containing subglacial and englacial debris. The residual doses of glaciofluvial and lateral moraine crest samples were below a few Gy and age overestimations were below a few hundred years. The ground moraine and low terminal moraine samples had residual doses as high as ~110 Gy, and ages were overestimated by ~15-17 ka.     

Efficiency of excavations with buttress walls in reducing the deflection of the diaphragm wall

Installation of buttress walls against diaphragm walls has been used as an alternative measure for the protection of adjacent buildings during excavation, but their mechanism in reducing movements has not yet been fully understood. This study performs three-dimensional finite element analyses of two excavation case histories, one in clay with T-shape buttress walls and another in dominant sand with rectangular buttress walls, to establish analysis model. Then, a series of parametric study were performed by varying soil types, types and length of buttress walls based on the above-mentioned excavations. Results show that the mechanism of buttress walls in reducing wall deflections mainly came from the frictional resistance between the side surface of buttress wall and adjacent soil rather than from the combined bending stiffness from diaphragm and buttress walls. The buttress wall with a length <2.0 m had a poor effect in reducing the wall deflection because the soil adjacent to the buttress wall had almost the same amount of movement as the buttress wall, causing the frictional resistance little mobilized. Since the frictional resistance of buttress walls in a deep excavation has fully been mobilized prior to the final excavation depth, the efficiency of buttress walls in reducing the wall deflection in a deep excavation was much less than that in a shallow excavation. Rectangular shape of buttress walls was of a better effect than T-shape in the shallow excavation because frictional resistance between buttress walls and adjacent soil played a major role in reducing the wall deflection rather than bearing resistance of the flange. When the excavation went deeper, the difference in reducing the wall deflection between the R-shape and T-shape became small.     

舱体式防渔拖海床基的研制和应用

介绍了一种新型舱体式防渔拖海床基,可布放在200m以浅海域进行长期、定点、连续、综合观测。该型海床基由坐底平台、浮体仪器舱和释放器等配件组成,可以搭载多种观测传感器进行多学科综合观测。同时,针对该型海床基设计了安全有效的布放回收方法。通过实际海上应用,结果表明舱体式防渔拖海床基具有长时间自动观测、隐蔽性好及有效防渔拖等优点,可实现对海洋环境的长期综合观测。     

地面报中高山站资料的应用分析

无线电探空仪观测和地面观测资料作为天气分析和数值预报最常用、最重要的两种资料数据源,两者时空分辨率有着明显的差异。如何利用地面观测资料的高时空分辨率特点来补充探空观测资料在一些地区的欠缺和不足,特别是地面高山站资料的使用对对流层底层环流场的影响及对精细化数值天气预报风场分析指示意义等都需要进一步的探究。文章通过对地面高山站资料在资料同化中不同的使用方式的分析,探索其作为探空资料的补充在资料同化中的贡献。个例试验选取2013年6月29日00时地面资料和探空观测资料进行资料同化,试验方法:分别将地面高山站资料作为探空资料和地面资料应用于同化分析中,结果表明:地面高山站资料当探空资料使用时对850和925 hPa风场同化分析有正效果。在地面高山站资料当探空资料使用和当地面资料使用的对比中,其24 h 850和700 hPa高度和风场预报试验差异不显著;但24 h降水预报结果显示:地面高山站资料当探空资料使用对降水强度和位置的预报都有弱的正贡献。连续试验的降水预报检验证明:在地面高山站较多的西南区,高山站资料当探空资料使用在小雨、中雨、暴雨等量级的预报评分要优于高山站资料当地面报使用,且其预报偏差也较小;在中国区降水预报检验高山站资料当探空资料和地面报使用差异不大。     

风速等级标准与2016年6月23日阜宁龙卷强度估计

文章回顾了不同的风速等级标准,对导致重大人员伤亡的2016年6月23日江苏省盐城市阜宁县龙卷灾害和2015年6月1日导致“东方之星”客轮翻沉事件的下击暴流灾害进行了较详细的强度评估,探讨了已有等级标准存在的问题,给出了未来工作展望。基于详细的现场调查资料,评估江苏阜宁龙卷为EF4级,而导致“东方之星”客轮翻沉事件的下击暴流仅为EF1级;对这两个典型灾害个例的强度估计展示了EF等级与F等级之间的差异;但阜宁龙卷导致的每一个受灾点的灾害等级还需要进一步详细评估。由于建筑物结构、植被自身状况、相应环境和致灾机制的复杂性,风灾强度估计必然存在一定的不确定性,且龙卷由于其复杂涡旋动力结构、气压空间分布和卷起的飞射碎片作用等因素使得强度估计的不确定性较下击暴流更大。提高风速等级评估的客观性、普适性、准确性、一致性和便捷性是评估工作的必然需求。未来还需发展综合考虑强度分布、路径长度和宽度、持续时间和移动速度等的风灾等级标准,从而为全面评估下击暴流或者龙卷的致灾性提供基础。     

GRAPES_MesoV4.0主要技术改进和预报效果检验

针对GRAPES_Meso V3.0存在的降水量偏大、模式运行不稳定、近地面温度预报偏差较大、可同化资料偏少以及分辨率偏低等问题,开展了多方面的改进工作:引入变分质量控制以及探空湿度的偏差订正,实现了GPS/PW资料、FY-2E云导风资料以及无线电掩星资料的同化应用,提高了模式分辨率,引入四阶水平扩散方案,调整了微物理参数化方案与动力框架的耦合方案,完善了地面辐射能量平衡方程以及优化了后处理雷达组合反射率因子的诊断方案,并集成所有改进成果形成新的业务化GRAPES_Meso V4.0。批量试验结果表明:GRAPES_Meso V4.0降水ETS评分普遍提高,同时预报偏差明显降低,月平均降水更接近实况,且能够较好地刻画雨带细节;2 m温度预报偏差有较为显著的改善,大部分地区24 h预报有1~2℃左右的降低,有些地区有3~5℃的降低;GRAPES_Meso V4.0对高度场、温度场和风场的改进效果比较显著,500 hPa的温度、风速、位势高度场的相关系数均有显著提高,850 hPa的均方根误差也明显降低,整体性能明显高于GRAPES_Meso V3.0。     

Wave boundary layers in rough turbulent flow

A one-layer time-invariant eddy viscosity model is specified to develop a mathematical model for describing the essential features of the turbulent wave boundary layer over a rough bed. The functional form of the eddy viscosity is evaluated based on a modified one-equation turbulence model in which the eddy viscosity varies in time and space. The present eddy viscosity model simplifies much of the mathematical complexity in many existing models. Predictions from the present model have been compared favorably with a wide range of experimental data. It is found that the eddy viscosity model adopted in the present study is physically reasonable.