Latérite als Leithorizonte zur Rekonstruktion tektonischer Vorgänge auf den Festländern

A reconstruction is made of the relief which is probably developed through peneplanation and a contemporary deep kaolinisation during late Cretaceous time before the laterite formation and the relief at the time of the laterite formation in Eocene in the region of the present Guiana shield and its foreland. A characteristic plain with very shallow valleys and a thick Al-laterite on its surface was formed during Eocene time. The Al-laterite is used as a characteristic and reference horizon for the post Eocene tectonic which is characterized by a main bulge of the Guiana shield in Surinam, a weaker lift in Guyana and a submergence below sea level in the north.     

Provenance and accumulation rates of opaline silica,Al, Ti,Fe, Mn,Cu, Ni and Co in Pacific pelagic sediments

Accumulation rates and chemical compositions have been obtained for pelagic sediments for 73 locations in the Pacific and for 11 in the Indian Ocean. The data for the Pacific show that many elements accumulate rapidly close to the continents and slowly in the central part of the ocean. This pattern is interrupted by two major zones of relatively high accumulation rates, one along the Equator and one along the East Pacific Rise. Deposition of opaline silica is almost completely restricted to areas of known high biological productivities at the Equator and at very high latitudes. Cu and Ni show stronger tendencies than Fe and Mn to precipitate with opaline silica. The highest accumulation rates of Fe and Mn in the open Pacific occur along the East Pacific Rise, to some extent also Cu and Ni are enriched there due to volcanic processes. Al and Ti show high accumulation rates only close to the continents; these elements appear to be almost completely terrigenous.Provenance studies of minerogen fractions, using the relations between Fe, Ti, Al and Mn, show that significant quantities of basaltic matter (oceanic crust) are incorporated into the sediments only in areas of very low total sedimentation rates in the vicinity of oceanic island groups such as Polynesia and Hawaii, whereas hydrothermal processes act as a major sediment source only on the East Pacific Rise. Sediments in the north as well as in the southernmost part of the Pacific are nearly entirely terrigenous. A balance estimate of the minerogen fraction of the deep-sea sediments from the open Pacific suggests that between 75 and 95% of all sediments in the Pacific are terrigenous and that submarine weathering (and release of basaltic debris in general) and submarine exhalations each account for only a small fraction of the sediments.     

Statistical characteristics of the vertical ozone distribution in mid-latitudes

Summary The correlation matrix for the vertical ozone distribution and the temperature-ozone cross-correlation matrix, which was calculated from ozone soundings made over Berlin between 1967 and 1970, the statistical structure of the vertical ozone profile (correlation coefficients, average profiles, average standard deviation, relative variability) was derived for the three ozone seasons. The partial ozone pressure does not at all heights follow a normal distribution (e. g. at tropopause level). Generally, the correlation between tropospheric and stratospheric ozone is rather poor. In some layers the highest correlation coefficients, i.e. –0.3 and +0.4, occur in autumn (October to December) and in winter and spring (January to April). The correlation between the ozone amounts of various stratospheric layers is distinct in autumn, less distinct in summer (May to September) and entirely missing from January to April. Conspicuous cross-correlations between temperature and ozone have been found for all three seasons. a) With a negative correlation between tropospheric temperature and middle tropospheric to middle stratospheric ozone (maximum up to –0.8); b) with a rather strong positive correlation between the ozone amount and the temperature in the lower stratosphere (maximum up to +0.84); c) with a positive correlation between the ozone amount of the middle stratosphere and the temperature of the middle stratosphere (maximum up to +0.8). The highest correlation coefficients occur in autumn.     

Complexing capacity of the nutrient medium and its relation to inhibition of algal photosynthesis by copper

The toxic effect of copper on phytoplankton production is investigated in waters having different complexing capacities. It is demonstrated that a water’s complexing capacity does not guarantee that an equivalent amount of copper could be tolerated without adversely affecting algal production. Possible explanations for these findings are offered and discussed. It is deduced that ionic copper probably is already toxic to planktonic algae at concentrations of about 10^?10 mole/l.     

A numerical integration of a two-level quasi-geostrophic model with variable Rossby parameter

Summary Circulation patterns were obtained from a two-level quasi-geostrophic model, in which the Rossby parameter varied with latitude. The initial basic state was characterized by a constant zonal flow at both reference level. The results we re compared with the pattern obtained in a series of experiments with a similar model, in which the Rossby parameter was assumed to be constant. the initial zonal flow in these experiments was assumed in one case to be constant with latitude, in the second casse to have a symmetrical jet centered on the central latitude, and in the thrid case to have its maximum in the southern half of the region. the results of the experiment with a variable Rossby parameter have the closest resemblance to the patterns observed in the real atmospehre. In particular, during the mature stages of the run, the distribution of the zonallyaveraged eddytransport of momentum corresponded quite well to patterns actually observed in the atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Aus einem quasi-geostrophischen Modell mit breitenabhängigem rossby-Parameter wurden Zirkulationsformen errechnet. Der Anfangszustand war durc eine konstante zonale Strömung in zwei Niveaus charakteriseirt. Die Resultate wurden mit Zirkulationen verglichen, die in einer Reihe von Experimenten mit einem ähnlichen Modell, in dem aber der Rossby-Parameter konstant angenommen war, erhalten worden waren. In einemk dieser Fälle wurde angenommen, daß die ursprüngliche zonale Strömung breitenunabhängig war, in einem anderen fall wurde angenommen, daß die Strömung in einem symmetrischen Jetstream über eine mittleren Breite konzentriert war, und in einem dritten Fall wurden angenommen, daß die zonale Strömung ihr Maximum in der südlichen Hälfte des Bereiches hatte. Die Resultate des Experiments mit dem veränderlichen Rossby-Parameter haben die meiste Ähnlichkeit mit Zirkulationsformen in der wirklichen Atmosphäre. Insbesondere paßt die Verteilung des zonal gemittelten Momentumtransports in den Reifestadien des Versuchs gut zu den tatsächlich in der Atmosphäre beobachteten Zirkulationsformen.

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Résumé On a calculé les formes de circulation découlant d'un modèle quasigéostrophique dont le paramètres de Rossby dépendaient de la latitude. L'état initial en était caractérisé par un courant zonal constant aux deux niveaux. Lels résultats ont été comparés à ceux d'une série d'essais effectués avec un modèle semblable, mais dans lequel les paramètres de Rossby restaient constants. Dans un de ces cas, on a admis que la circulation zonale initiale ne dépendait pas de la latitude. Dans un deuxième, on a simulé un jet symétriquement à une latitude moyenne. Dans un troisième enfin, on a placè le maximum de la circulation zonale dans la moitié sud de l'espace étudié. Les résultats obtenus en partant des essais basés sur un paramètre de Rossby variable sont les plus semblables aux formes de circulation observées réellement dans l'atmosphère. En particulier, la répartition du transport turbulent de la quantité de mouvement — moyenne zonale calculée au stade de maturité de l'essai — est très voisine des formes de circulation observées réellement dans l'atmosphère.

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With 9 Figures

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The research reported in this document has been sponsored by the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories under Grant AF EOAR 63-108 through the European Office of Aerospace Reasearch (OAR), United States Air Force.     

Further notes on a feature of leaf and air temperatures

Summary This is a sequel to an earlier paper, in which it was pointed out that there is a tendency for the temperature of leaves of many well-watered plants, exposed to midday sunshine, to exceed the ambient temperature only when the latter is below a so-called equality temperature. Further evidence is presented here, again indicating that equality temperatures are often in the vicinity of 30°C.

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Zusammenfassung Der vorliegende Artikel stellt die Fortsetzung einer früheren Arbeit dar, in der dargelegt wurde, da? eine Tendenz dazu besteht, da\ die Temperature der Bl?tter vieler Pflanzen, denen hinreichend Wasser zur Verfügung steht und die der Mittagssonne ausgesetzt sind, nur dann h?her ist als die Umgebungstemperatur, wenn die letztere niedriger ist als die sogenannte „Gleichheitstemperatur”; das ist die Temperatur, bei der kein Flu? fühlbarer W?rme zwischen Blatt und Umgebung auftritt. Es werden Beispiele angeführt, die zeigen, da? die Gleichheitstemperatur nahe bei 30°C liegt.

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Résumé Le présent mémoire est la suite d'un précédent dans lequel on avait émis l'avis que la température des feuilles de bien des plantes exposées au soleil de midi ne dépassait la température ambiante que si cette dernière était inférieure à une certaine “température d'égalité” (Gleichheitstemperatur). Cette tendance ne se manifeste cependant que si les dites plantes disposent de suffisamment d'eau. La “température d'égalité” est celle à laquelle on ne constate pas de flux de chaleur sensible entre la feuille et le milieu ambiant. On donne ici des exemples supplémentaires qui montrent que cette “température d'égalité” est souvent proche de 30°C.

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With 5 Figures