区域城市化水平综合测度及其理想动力分析——以江苏省为例

根据城市化的内涵,从人口城市化、经济城市化、生活方式城市化和地域景观城市化等4个方面,构建区域城市化水平的综合评价指标体系,并运用熵值法,对1991~2005年江苏省城市化水平进行综合分析;结果发现江苏省城市化水平在不断提高的同时,主要表现为经济城市化和地域景观城市化的快速发展,而人口城市化对区域城市化的总体贡献不断减弱;在此基础上,结合多元线型回归模型对城市化的主要动力进行比较分析,认为市场力、内源力、外向力和行政力依次是江苏省城市化发展的主要动力,其中,市场力和行政力是促进江苏省城市化和经济发展的理想动力。     

The airflow field and dynamic processes of pyramid dunes

Dune sedimentary structure and wind tunnel experimental results show that the pyramid dunes on the cliff top surface of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes are formed under three wind directions (NE, SW and NW); the deformation and separation variety of chain dune. The local air circulation (SW) is key to the development of the pyramid dunes. Analysing the morphological dynamic processes indicates that inherent relations exist between trihedral pyramid dunes and other complex sand dune types (linear, reticulate and polyhedral pyramid dunes). The wind regime of multidirection, in conjunction with the connected main and subsidiary sand ridges, resulted in the geomorphological forms adapted to the near-surface air streams. It is concluded that integrated studies, including sedimentary structures and wind tunnel experiments, can make more efficient contributions to an overall, systematic and thorough understanding of the developmental processes of the pyramid dunes than previously used single-study methods.     

云南高原大地构造与地震机制——云南地震活动之端部效应、地震能囊和机构能流的启示——

研究地震问题 ,不外乎历史继承、控震构造、发震动力源三方面。本文以云南高原为例 ,对此作一综述 ,特别从直观范畴引入端部效应、地震能囊、地球纬向振动机械能流三概念 ,试图对与工程地质相关的地震问题 ,从另一视角作一解释。文中特别介绍了机构能流对板块运动的效应 ,此为作者之一 40多年的物理教学、研究成果 ,虽为国外广泛接受 ,但国内地学界尚显陌生。云南既是世界上最活动的板块碰撞带之一 ,在过去 1 0 0 0多年又有过70 0多次中型上以上毁坏性地震 ,和近 40次毁灭性大震 ,今后中国西部大开发大建设中 ,是不能不加以认真对待的。本文从云南历史地震和大地构造入手 ,以众多的历史文献和传统的构造特征为基础 ,导入三个新观念 ,目的在于希望业内研究同仁注意 ,多方面了解震能力源 ,以便在防范措施上更切合实际 ,把地震的危害性降到最小限度根据工程实例研究 ,所谓端部效应 (TerminalEffectsofStructure) ,就是后续地震常常发生在前期地震之后的构造收敛地带 ,而不是张裂扩散区。后续地震在水平方向上总是向着发震之主、副构造线两端游变移动 ,而决不会再在原先的震中区反复发震 (至少是以 1 0 0年计的短期内 )。当活动断裂的走向与主压应力的方向一致时 ,应力在活动断裂的端部高度集中 ,造成岩体破     

人类活动对磨刀门水道河床地形和潮汐动力的影响

基于实测地形和水文资料,探讨人类活动对近期磨刀门水道河床地形和枯季潮汐动力变化的影响。研究结果表明:(1) 磨刀门上游河段大规模河床挖沙引起河床高程显著降低,水深增大,河槽容积增加,底坡降减小;口门围垦整治导致磨刀门口门区水域面积变小,入海口门向海延伸,入海水道增深。(2) 磨刀门水道河床地形变化引起枯季潮汐动力发生变化:上游河段低潮位降低,潮差增大,进潮量增加,潮汐动力明显增强;口门区潮差减小,横洲水道潮能汇聚,水位壅高;水面坡降减小,潮波传播速度增加,咸水界上移。     

Environmental Geochemistry of Swan Lake Inlet,Rongcheng Bay,the Yellow Sea of China

The Swan Lake Inlet, the State Primary Wildlife Protection Area, is a lagoon-inlet system located in the Rongcheng Bay, Shandong Peninsula, China. It has been undergoing development for aquaculture and tourism. In the summer of 1999, a study on the environment of the Swan Lake Inlet was carried out. The concentrations of the major elements and trace elements Fe, Al, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mn and P have been measured by ICP-AES and graphite furnace atomic adsorption spectrometry. The sources and distribution of the elements in the Swan Lake Inlet have been discussed. It is concluded that the Swan Lake Inlet has not been subjected to significant environmental pollution. The chemical results show that the dissolved oxygen (DO) contents are generally normal. At some locations DO solubility appears to be >100 %. The BOD₅ ( five-day biochemical oxygen demand) values are generally <4 mg/L and COD (chemical oxygen demand) 3～4 mg/L. The seawater N, P and Si contents are lower than the Class I water type specified by the Chinese National Standard of Water Quality. The low nutrient distribution reflects little discharge from land, therefore lacking of nutrient supply.     

Influence of DSSs on urban air quality in China during 2005–2010 and analysis of a severe DSS event

In each year, Dust and Sandstorms (DSSs) triggered by cold air masses enhance particle concentration over large areas in China during spring and winter. In this paper, daily Air Pollution Index (API) of 113 major cities in China during dust events was analyzed to present the influence of DSSs on urban air quality. From 2005 to 2010, a total of 93 dust events were identified, on average there are approximately 16 dust events in a year. The number of total polluted days caused by DSSs in 113 major cities ranged from 147 to 546 each year, with maximum in 2010 and minimum in 2007. The number of total heavily polluted days caused by DSSs in major cities ranged from 14 to 78 each year, with maximum in 2010 and minimum in 2005. DSSs affected major cities most severely during March to May. Furthermore, a typical DSS observed from 26 to 31 May 2008 was described in terms of meteorological features and PM₁₀ concentration as well as API levels of 113 major cities. This event lead to high PM₁₀ concentration and low visibility over major cities, with maximum daily PM₁₀ concentration of 1511 μg m^?3 in Chifeng on 28 May, which was directly caused by strong wind in front of surface high pressure system passing through sand source areas in Mongolia and North China. The most severe pollution occurred on 29 May, with 38 cities polluted and 7 cities heavily polluted.     

海底多金属硫化物自然电位观测方式研究

利用海洋自然电位法可以探测海底多金属硫化物矿体的位置和轮廓。在调查过程中,可以进行水平观测和垂直观测,本文对这两种观测方式的探测效果进行数值模拟分析,结果表明垂直观测异常大,对矿体的横向分辨率高。但在进行垂直观测时,电极离底低,工作风险大。所以在实际调查过程中,需要根据需求选择合适的观测方式。另外,在实际测量过程中,电极对会偏离垂直方向和水平方向,将导致异常结果发生变化,因此在数据资料处理与解释过程中要注意。本文可以为海底多金属硫化物自然电位调查提供参考。     

末次冰期以来日本海陆源沉积的地球化学记录及其对海平面和气候变化的响应

通过对日本海Ulleung盆地KCES-1岩心中的主微量元素、稀土元素及粒度的综合分析,探讨了沉积物来源及其控制因素。结合地层年代模型,恢复了研究区48ka以来的古环境记录。结果显示,日本海Ulleung盆地沉积物以陆源碎屑为主,沉积物中主微量元素(Al、K、Fe、Mg、Na、Ti、Th、Sc、Rb、Sr、Cr、Co、Hf、Zr)含量普遍低于平均页岩。稀土元素丰度(ΣREE)为80～213μg/g,与长江、黄河及中国黄土接近,高于日本上地壳。球粒陨石标准化显示,沉积物中轻稀土显著富集,有显著的Eu负异常(0.6～0.8),Ce异常不显著。元素比值(La/Th、Th/Sc)及La/Th-Hf物源性质判别分析显示,研究区沉积物主要来源于上地壳,母岩落入长英质源岩区。在11～18ka,主微量元素的分布特征与11～0ka及48～18ka有显著差异。海平面和全球气候变化是控制主微量元素时空分布的重要因素。化学蚀变指数CIA(45～61)显示沉积物源区化学风化程度较弱,18ka以前风化程度低于18ka以后风化程度,暗示气候由干冷向暖湿转移。这与全球气候变化和东亚夏季风强度变化趋势一致。     

皖南山区阳台古滑坡形成机制研究

陡倾层状岩质斜坡易产生倾倒变形,在山区可见大量由倾倒变形发展形成的大型滑坡,研究其形成机制对于正确评价边坡稳定性具有重要意义。本文以皖南山区阳台滑坡为例,在工程地质勘察的基础上,采用定性分析、二维离散元和有限元相结合的方法,详细研究了阳台滑坡的变形破坏过程及其影响因素。研究结果表明,阳台古滑坡的形成包括河流下切岩体卸荷回弹、倾倒变形逐步发展、滑面发展整体破坏、堆积体次级变形4个阶段。这类滑坡的防治应重点控制滑坡前缘的变形,并做好截排水工作。     

直升飞机自然积冰试验方案设计与实例应用

针对直升机自然积冰试飞,结合直升机飞行特性,分析了不同气象条件下试验飞行路线确定原则。利用模式预报和实况监测产品,设计了直升机积冰试验飞行方案,并在2018年3月新疆乌鲁木齐外场试验中进行了应用和检验。结果表明,直升机自然积冰试验飞行方案的确定原则需要充分考虑直升机的飞行特性。在层状云中进行自然积冰试飞,根据积冰区相对云区位置,考虑从云底或云顶进入积冰区的原则。建立了飞机积冰飞行方案设计流程。利用积冰潜势预报系统提前72 h开展概率预报,利用云降水显式预报系统提前24 h开展云条件预报,利用卫星雷达探空等观测资料提前3 h开展积冰条件监测预警。预报和监测结果显示,计划试验当天云的宏微观条件较为理想,符合飞机积冰形成的条件。针对此云层设计了采取云底进入探测区和云底退出的规避方式,在云中采用多次往返爬升和平飞寻找过冷水区以完成积冰探测。实际飞行也采用了云底入云并云中探测到了积冰和过冷水,是一次比较成功的飞机积冰航线设计和应用实例。