海洋电测系统的发展

罗斯基勒（Ｒｏｓｋｉｌｄｅ）大学（丹麦）开展沿海地区的环境监测已有若干年了,其中包括不久前在波罗地海区与俄罗斯圣彼德堡科学工作者们的一项重要国际合作。起初研究这些方法是为了确定矿物原料在海底的位置,但目前这些方法已完全可用于一般的环境监测。在不久的将来,一些电测方法肯定会有产业性的突破。这种进步好比６０年代海洋地震带来的重要突破。电阻率法、电阻抗谱法（ＥＩＳ）与自然电场法的组合,包括离子选择电极（     

Pathways of marine debris derived from trajectories of Lagrangian drifters

Global set of trajectories of satellite-tracked Lagrangian drifters is used to study the dynamics of marine debris. A probabilistic model is developed to eliminate the bias in spatial distribution of drifter data due to heterogeneous deployments. Model experiments, simulating long-term evolution of initially homogeneous drifter array, reveal five main sites of drifter aggregation, located in the subtropics and maintained by converging Ekman currents. The paper characterizes the geography and structure of the collection regions and discusses factors that determine their dynamics. A new scale R(c)=(4k/|D|)(?) is introduced to characterize tracer distribution under competing effects of horizontal divergence D and diffusion k. Existence and locations of all five accumulation zones have been recently confirmed by direct measurements of microplastic at the sea surface.     

环境-作物模式及其在大面积估产方面的应用

1.前言过去的十多年里,在环境一作物模式的研究方面,不同学科的科学家们均给予了足够的重视。这种状况是由世界粮食危机的局面造成的。其触发条件有两个:一是由于世界人口的迅速增长导致人类对粮食需要量的增     

作为热机的自然对流:CAPE理论

在许多行星上,不断有热量供给地面,且热量也不断通过大气向太空发出红外辐射.由于在高压区是热源不是热汇,因此,该系统能够做机械功.大气对流是可以在此系统中运转的自然热机.基于这种热机结构,提出了一个大气对流的简单理论,预报在统计平衡状态下干、湿对流的浮力、垂直速度及其覆盖区域.在对流热机一次循环期间,来自地面层(热源,热区)的热,其中一部分被报废到空间自由对流层(热汇,冷区),并从那里辐射到太空.其余部分变为机械功.此机械功用于克服机械耗散维持对流运动上.最终,机械能耗尽,转变成热能.消耗掉的部分能量被辐射到太空,而其余的通过对流气块进入再循环.在温度较低能量消耗部分降低的情况下,温度较高能量消耗部分增加,提高了对流热机的视效率.对流热机所做的功对气柱积分,给出了存在于行星大气中克服粘性耗散、维持对流运动的对流有效位能(CAPE)统计平衡量的大小.此积分被认为是准平衡条件下行星状态的一个全球性数字.对于地球目前的气候,热机结构预报热带地区CAPE值的大小为1000 J·kg-1,该预报值与观测值一致.从结果也可得出,存在于对流大气的CAPE总量应随着全球地表温度的升高(或大气对红外辐射的暗度)的增大而增大.     

基于天绘卫星影像的困难地区地形图测制方法

介绍了基于天绘影像的困难地区地形图测制技术,针对困难地区地形图的特点,分析影响地形图测制的因素,总结了提高困难地区地形图成果质量的方法。     

地心笛卡尔坐标系中地面点到旋转参考椭球面的投影

本文提出了一种钭地心笛卡尔坐标系中一地面投影到旋转椭球面的快速迭代解法。并由此点的地心笛片尔坐标协因数阵导出此点及其到椭球面投影响的坐标全向量协因数阵，用以计算椭球高及相关方差。     

Surveillance for previously unmonitored organic contaminants in the San Francisco Estuary

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program initiated surveillance monitoring to identify previously unmonitored synthetic organic contaminants in the San Francisco Estuary. Organic extracts of water samples were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in full scan mode. The major contaminant classes identified in the samples were fire retardants, pesticides, personal care product ingredients, and plasticizers. Evidence from the literature suggests that some of these contaminants can persist in the environment, induce toxicity, and accumulate in marine biota and in higher food chain consumers. The major sources of these contaminants into the marine environment are the discharge of municipal and industrial wastewater effluents, urban stormwater, and agricultural runoff. As a proactive effort, it is suggested that surveillance studies be used routinely in monitoring programs to identify and prevent potential problem contaminants from harming the marine environment.