焉耆盆地生态系统服务价值对土地利用/覆被变化的响应

运用土地利用/覆被类型动态度、土地利用/覆被程度模型和生态系统服务价值估算模型,分析了新疆焉耆盆地1990-2011年LUCC变化引起的生态系统服务价值的变化。结果表明：（1）在1990-2011年,焉耆盆地水域、湿地、沙地、耕地和建设用地均呈增加趋势,而盐碱地、草地和林地面积呈减少趋势,总体上研究区的土地利用程度为中下水平。（2）在1999-2011年,研究区的生态系统服务总价值总体上呈增加的趋势,其中水域和耕地对生态系统服务总价值贡献率较大,草地和林地对生态系统服务总价值有明显的负贡献。（3）在1990-2011年,研究区的各类生态系统的气候调节、水源涵养和废物处理功能的生态系统服务的总价值远远大于粮食生产和原材料供应功能的总价值。因而对区域的水土资源实行合理与有效的利用是实现焉耆盆地生态系统服务功能维持和可持续发展的关键。     

Effect of helix bending deflection on load settlement behaviour of screw pile

A screw pile has higher end bearing capacity than any other straight pipe piles due to its larger helix with respect to central shaft. However, larger helices are not frequently used as it will bend and may reduce the actual bearing capacity of the ground. In the present study, the effect of helix bending deflection on the load settlement behaviour and ultimate bearing capacity is investigated. To achieve the objectives, model scale pile load tests were conducted. The effect of helix bending on the load settlement behaviour at higher stress level was also investigated in this research. The helices with different helix-to-shaft-diameter ratios and thicknesses were used, so that clear difference of deformed and non-deformed screw piles in the load settlement behaviour can be observed. Dry Toyoura sand in dense state was used as a model ground. It is observed from test results that the helix bending deflection starts affecting the load settlement behaviour of the ground if it is more than the critical helix bending deflection. The ratio of critical helix bending deflection to outstand length decreases with increase in helix-to-shaft-diameter ratio, and its relationship is presented in this study. It is also observed that the Roark’s formula for flat circular plate having uniform load over a very small circular area with fixed outer edges showed good agreement with the measured helix bending deflection. In order to estimate the optimum helix thickness, the well-agreed equation is also modified with respect to critical helix bending deflection.

     

Hydrogeochemical evaluation and statistical analysis of groundwater of Sylhet,north-eastern Bangladesh

Acta Geochimica - To investigate the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater 23 shallow, 30 intermediate and 38 deep wells samples were collected from Sylhet district of Bangladesh, and...     

Felsic dykes in the Neoproterozoic Nagar Parkar Igneous Complex,SE Sindh,Pakistan: geochemistry and tectonic settings

The Nagar Parkar Igneous Complex consists of Neoproterozoic igneous and metamorphic rocks dissected by mafic, felsic, and rhyolitic dykes. The latter can be classified broadly into porphyritic felsic dykes intruding gray and pink granites at Nagar Parkar and the surrounding areas, and the orthophyric felsic dykes intruding amphibolites, deformed pink granites, and the alkaline mafic dykes in the Dhedvero area, north of Nagar Parkar. The porphyritic felsic dykes are composed of perthites, quartz, and albitic plagioclase whereas the orthopheric felsic dykes contain K-feldspar (dominant), plagioclase, and minor quartz. Geochemically, the porphyritic and orthophyric felsic dykes are subalkaline and alkaline demonstrating post-orogenic A2- and OIB-A1-type characteristic on Nb–Y–Ce and Nb–Y–3Ga ternary plots, respectively. One orthophyric felsic dyke contains normative acmite and sodium metasilicate. This study suggests two distinct tectonic regimes for the origin of the felsic dykes of the area. The porphyritic felsic dykes show similarities with the ~800–700 Ma granites of the area, the rhyolite dykes of the Mount Abu, western Rajasthan in India, and the granites of the Seychelles microcontinent. The orthophyric felsic dykes show chemical resemblance with the Tavidar volcanic suite of western Rajasthan and the Silhouette and North islands of the Seychelles microcontinent. This study confirms spatial and temporal links among the Rodinian fragments exposed in the Nagar Parkar area of Pakistan, western Rajasthan of India, and the Seychelles microcontinent.     

Trace Elements in Sediments and Mussels – Spatial Distribution,Chemical Partitioning,and Risk Assessment

Sediment samples were collected from 30 different locations in Abu Qir Bay (Mediterranean Sea), East Alexandria, Egypt and analyzed for trace elements. The highest concentrations of most of the elements were observed in the nearshore stations in the vicinity of the major anthropogenic activities as industrial settlements, wastewater discharges, and agricultural drainage. In addition, mussel samples of Mactra corallina and Tapes decussata were collected corresponding to the sediment samples. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Mn, and Zn in the mussel tissues were higher than concentrations in sediments, thus indicating their relatively high bioavailability. Sequential extraction procedure was performed on selected sediment samples. Significant correlations were observed between the concentrations of Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn in the exchangeable fraction of the sediments and the corresponding tissues of M. corallina. The output of the risk assessment applied on the sediments revealed that adverse ecological effects to benthic species could occur and that a higher level of risk is expected from the exposure to Cd, Cr, Hg, and Zn. No adverse carcinogenic or non‐carcinogenic human health effects are expected from the consumption of the two mussel species from Abu Qir Bay.     

新疆提灯藓科(Mniaceae)植物的种类与分布

根据历年采自新疆维吾尔自治区的285份提灯藓科(Mniaceae)标本,在查阅大量文献的基础上,通过经典分类方法,对新疆提灯藓科的种类进行了整理、鉴定和分类。结果表明,新疆有提灯藓科植物6属、24种,包含北灯藓属Cinclidium(2种)、曲灯藓属Cyrtomnium(1种)、提灯藓属Mnium(7种)、匍灯藓属Plagiomnium(11种)、毛灯属Rhizomnium(1种)、疣灯藓属Trachycystis(2种),其中密集匐灯藓Plagiomnium confertidens(Lindb.et H.Arn.)T.Kop.、粗齿匐灯藓Plagiomni-um drummondii(Bruch et Schimp.)T.Kop.、小刺叶提灯藓Mnium spinulosumB.S.G.为新疆新纪录种。并根据种类的形态特征,列出了新疆提灯藓科植物的分属、分种检索表,以及每种的生境和地理分布特点。     

博斯腾湖流域绿洲农田土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

新疆博斯腾湖流域绿洲采集195个农田土壤样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属元素的含量,基于地统计法分析农田土壤重金属空间分布规律,采用污染负荷指数（PLI）和潜在生态风险指数（RI）评价农田土壤重金属污染和潜在生态风险程度,并对重金属的来源进行讨论。结果表明：① 博斯腾湖流域农田土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量平均值分别超出新疆土壤背景值的1.67倍、1.13倍、1.15倍、1.29倍、2.11倍和1.65倍。② 农田土壤中8种重金属元素空间分布基本呈现岛状分布格局,各金属元素在部分区域出现高值区,表明研究区人类活动对农田土壤环境具有负面效应。③ 农田土壤Pb呈现中度污染,Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn轻度污染,Mn轻微污染,As无污染。农田土壤重金属污染负荷指数的平均值为1.09,呈现轻度污染态势。④ 各重金属元素单项生态风险指数平均值从大到小依次为：Cd、Ni、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn。综合生态风险指数平均值为18.63,处于轻微生态风险态势。从生态风险程度的区域差异来看,各县生态风险指数从大到小依次为：和硕县、博湖县、焉耆县、和静县。⑤ 农田土壤Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni与Zn主要受到土壤地球化学成因的控制,As、Cd和Pb主要受到人类活动的影响。Cd与Pb是研究区主要的污染因子,研究区农田土壤中Cd与Pb污染必须关注。     

Groundwater chemistry and occurrence of arsenic in the Meghna floodplain aquifer,southeastern Bangladesh

Dissolved major ions and important heavy metals including total arsenic and iron were measured in groundwater from shallow (25–33 m) and deep (191–318 m) tube-wells in southeastern Bangladesh. These analyses are intended to help describe geochemical processes active in the aquifers and the source and release mechanism of arsenic in sediments for the Meghna Floodplain aquifer. The elevated Cl⁻ and higher proportions of Na⁺ relative to Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺ in groundwater suggest the influence by a source of Na⁺ and Cl⁻. Use of chemical fertilizers may cause higher concentrations of NH₄⁺ and PO₄³⁻ in shallow well samples. In general, most ions are positively correlated with Cl⁻, with Na⁺ showing an especially strong correlation with Cl⁻, indicating that these ions are derived from the same source of saline waters. The relationship between Cl⁻/HCO₃⁻ ratios and Cl⁻ also shows mixing of fresh groundwater and seawater. Concentrations of dissolved HCO₃⁻ reflect the degree of water–rock interaction in groundwater systems and integrated microbial degradation of organic matter. Mn and Fe-oxyhydroxides are prominent in the clayey subsurface sediment and well known to be strong adsorbents of heavy metals including arsenic. All five shallow well samples had high arsenic concentration that exceeded WHO recommended limit for drinking water. Very low concentrations of SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻ and high concentrations of dissolved Fe and PO₄³⁻ and NH₄⁺ ions support the reducing condition of subsurface aquifer. Arsenic concentrations demonstrate negative co-relation with the concentrations of SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻ but correlate weakly with Mo, Fe concentrations and positively with those of P, PO₄³⁻ and NH₄⁺ ions.     

Controlled source electromagnetic three‐dimensional grid‐modelling based on a complex resistivity structure of the seafloor: effects of acquisition parameters and geometry of multi‐layered resistors

A comprehensive controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) modelling study, based on complex resistivity structures in a deep marine geological setting, is conducted. The study demonstrates the effects of acquisition parameters and multi‐layered resistors on CSEM responses. Three‐dimensional (3D) finite difference time domain (FDTD) grid‐modelling is used for CSEM sensitivity analysis. Interpolation of normalized CSEM responses provides attributes representing relative sensitivity of the modelled structures. Modelling results show that fine grid, 1 × 1 km receiver spacing, provides good correlations between CSEM responses and the modelled structures, irrespective of source orientation. The resolution of CSEM attributes decreases for receiver spacing >2 × 2 km, when using only in‐line data. Broadside data in the grid geometry increase data density by 100 – approximately 200% by filling in in‐line responses and improve the resolution of CSEM attributes. Optimized source orientation (i.e., oblique to the strike of an elongated resistor) improves the structural definition of the CSEM anomalies for coarse‐grid geometries (receiver spacing ≥3 × 3 km). The study also shows that a multi‐resistor anomaly is not simply the summation but a cumulative response with mutual interference between constituent resistors. The combined response of constituent resistors is approximately 50% higher than the cumulative response of the multi‐resistor for 0.5 Hz at 4000 m offset. A gradual inverse variation of offset and frequency allows differentiation of CSEM anomalies for multi‐layered resistors. Similar frequency‐offset variations for laterally persistent high‐resistivity facies show visual continuity with varying geometric expressions. 3D grid‐modelling is an effective and adequate tool for CSEM survey design and sensitivity analysis.